Chromium concentration effect on an alloy surface stability and oxidation initiation

Density functional theory (DFT) and tight-binding quantum chemical molecular dynamics (QCMD) have been applied to analyze the chromium concentration effect on the oxidation initiation process. The DFT calculations show that the cohesive energy is gradually decreasing with increasing chromium concentration which might reduce the surface stability. In addition, the doping of chromium on top layer of surfaces has positive segregation energies, which reveal antisegregating from the top layer. Chromium doping on the second and third layer significantly reduces the segregation energy that indicates preferential segregation. Different kinds of chromium doped Ni (111) surface and water interaction has been studied by the QCMD method. The results show that the chromium concentration noticeably lessens the oxygen depth of penetration into the structure. Thirty percent chromium doped surface is the most effective from the oxidation initiation view point. Localized chromium initiates a passivation that can protect the surface. This kind of reaction process can take place in the molecular domain of the water/alloy interface and thus play a vital role in initiating the oxidation

Socioeconomic inequality and urban-rural disparity of antenatal care visits in Bangladesh: A trend and decomposition analysis.

BackgroundSocioeconomic inequality in antenatal care visits is a great concern in developing countries including Bangladesh; however, there is a scarcity of investigation to assess the factors of inequality and these changes over time. In this study, we investigated the trend of socioeconomic inequalities (2004-2017) in 1+ANC and 4+ANC visits, and extracted determinants contributions to the observed inequalities and urban-rural disparities in Bangladesh over the period from 2011 to 2017.MethodsThe data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) conducted in 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2017 were analyzed in this study. The analysis began with exploratory and bivariate analysis, followed by the application of logistic regression models. To measure the inequalities, the Erreygers concentration index was used, and regression-based decomposition analyses were utilized to unravel the determinant's contribution to the observed inequalities. The Blinder-Oaxaca type decomposition is also used to decompose the urban-rural disparity into the factors.ResultsOur analysis results showed that the prevalence of 1+ANC and 4+ANC visits has increased across all the determinants, although the rate of 4+ANC visits remains notably low. The magnitudes of socioeconomic inequality in 4+ANC visits represented an irregular pattern at both the national and urban levels, whereas it increased gradually in rural Bangladesh. However, inequalities in 1+ANC visits declined substantially after 2011 across the national, rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. Decomposition analyses have suggested that wealth status, women's education, place of residence (only for 4+ANC visits), caesarean delivery, husband education, and watching television (TV) are the main determinants to attribute and changes in the level of inequality and urban-rural disparity between the years 2011 and 2017.ConclusionsAccording to the findings of our study, it is imperative for authorities to ensure antenatal care visits are more accessible for rural and underprivileged women. Additionally, should focus on delivering high-quality education, ensuring the completion of education, reducing income disparity as well as launching a program to enhance awareness about health facilities, and the impact of caesarean delivery

Cystic nephroma: A multicystic renal neoplasm

A 42-year-old female presented with a complaint of abdominal pain for 3 months. Deep palpation revealed tenderness in the left lumbar region. Ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a multiloculated cyst in the left kidney. The results of guided fine needle aspiration cytology were inconclusive. On exploration, the renal lump was found to be a smooth, well-circumscribed swelling protruding from the anterior surface of the left kidney, with no extrarenal infiltration. Left nephrectomy was performed. The cut surface of the resected specimen showed a well-circumscribed tumor containing large cystic spaces within the renal tissue. Histopathological examination revealed cystic nephroma, which is a rare neoplasm of the kidney. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was discharged on the 5th postoperative day. Now, at 1-year follow-up, the patient is well without any signs of recurrence on imaging

Flow chart depicting the process of recruitment of the study participants.

<p>Flow chart depicting the process of recruitment of the study participants.</p

Association between patient characteristics and drug resistance patterns among PTB patients in tertiary care hospitals of Kolkata, India, 2010–2013 (N = 350).

<p>SES = Socio-economic status; LIG = Low-income group; MIG = Middle-income group; HIG = High-income group; UOR = Unadjusted Odds ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds ratio; OR = Odds ratio; CI = Confidence interval; <i>p</i> = <i>p</i> value.</p><p>“–” refers to cells for which due to inadequate number of observation valid statistical results (OR, CI, <i>p</i> value) could not be determined</p><p>Association between patient characteristics and drug resistance patterns among PTB patients in tertiary care hospitals of Kolkata, India, 2010–2013 (N = 350).</p

Association of X-ray findings with physical, socio-demographic and microscopic features among PTB patients in tertiary care hospitals of Kolkata, India, 2010–2013 (N = 350).

<p>SES = Socio-economic status; LIG = Low-income group; MIG = Middle-income group; HIG = High- income group; UOR = Unadjusted Odds ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds ratio; OR = Odds ratio; CI = Confidence interval; <i>p</i> = <i>p</i> value.</p><p>“–” refers to cells for which due to inadequate number of observation valid statistical results (OR, CI, <i>p</i> value) could not be determined.</p><p>Association of X-ray findings with physical, socio-demographic and microscopic features among PTB patients in tertiary care hospitals of Kolkata, India, 2010–2013 (N = 350).</p

Distribution of socio-demographics, patient types, physical parameters, microscopic features, X-ray findings and drug resistance patterns among PTB patients in tertiary care hospitals of Kolkata, India, 2010–2013 (N = 350).

<p>N = Total number of subjects in the study; n = Number of subjects in different categories.</p><p>CI = Confidence interval; LIG = Low-income group; MIG = Middle-income group; HIG = High-income group *Total number of single drug resistant cases = 42.</p><p>Distribution of socio-demographics, patient types, physical parameters, microscopic features, X-ray findings and drug resistance patterns among PTB patients in tertiary care hospitals of Kolkata, India, 2010–2013 (N = 350).</p