Indigenous Development of Acoustic Sounder (SODAR) in India as an Upgraded Technology for Environmental Protection: A Review

Sound Detection and Ranging (SODAR) has moved to the forefront of consumer technology due to the pressing need toengage the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) in environmental protection. An active ground-based remote sensingsystem (SODAR) is used to determine the lower-atmosphere wind profile and temperature structure. SODAR can detectturbulence parameters in the ABL from a distance and can be used for wind profiling. SODAR, with its significantlyenhanced capability, is expected to be a futuristic remote sensing device with several uses in the near future. Including anemphasis on its applications and current developments, this article examines SODAR's early history, with a review of Indianstudies. The article examines past breakthroughs in SODAR as well as its advancement and applications, with an emphasison India due to the worldwide nature of SODAR research. Additionally, the article discusses how effective SODAR is inprotecting the environment and how important it is going forward. After summarising the applications, various opportunitiesand barriers incurred in SODAR use, a proposed review article to provide insights into previously understudied, unstudied,and studied research work accomplished on SODAR in India is constructed. The article accentuates the role of SODAR asan environmental safeguarding tool

Statistical variability comparison in MODIS and AERONET derived aerosol optical depth over Indo-Gangetic Plains using time series modeling

A lot of studies in the literature of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) done by using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived data, but the accuracy of satellite data in comparison to ground data derived from ARrosol Robotic NETwork (AERONET) has been always questionable. So to overcome from this situation, comparative study of a comprehensive ground based and satellite data for the period of 2001-2012 is modeled. The time series model is used for the accurate prediction of AOD and statistical variability is compared to assess the performance of the model in both cases. Root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), s Litionary R -squared, R -squared, maximum absolute percentage error (MAPE), normalized Bayesian information criterion (NBIC) and Ljung-Box methods are used to check the applicability and validity of the developed ARIMA models revealing significant precision in the model performance. It was found that, it is possible to predict the AOD by statistical modeling using time series obtained from past data of MODIS and AERONET as input data. Moreover, the result shows that MODIS data can be formed from AERONET data by adding 0.251627 0.133589 and vice -versa by subtracting. From the forecast available for AODs for the next four years (2013-2017) by using the developed ARIMA model, it is concluded that the forecasted ground AOD has increased trend

Magnetic resonance imaging of bacterial and tuberculous spondylodiscitis with associated complications and non-infectious spinal pathology mimicking infections: a pictorial review

Abstract Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of bacterial and tuberculous spondylodiscitis and associated complications. Owing to its high sensitivity and specificity, it is a powerful diagnostic tool in the early diagnosis of ongoing infections, and thus provides help in prompt initiation of appropriate, therapy which may be medical or surgical, by defining the extent of involvement and detection of complications such as epidural and paraspinal abscesses. More specifically, MR imaging helps in differentiating bacterial from tuberculous infections and enables follow up of progression or resolution after appropriate treatment. However, other non-infectious pathology can demonstrate similar MR imaging appearances and one should be aware of these potential mimickers when interpreting MR images. Radiologists and other clinicians need to be aware of these potential mimics, which include such pathologies as Modic type I degenerative changes, trauma, metastatic disease and amyloidosis. In this pictorial review, we will describe and illustrate imaging findings of bacterial and tuberculous spondylodiscitis, their complications and non-infectious pathologies that mimic these spinal infections

Purified c-phycoerythrin : Safety studies in rats and protective role against permanganate-mediated fibroblast-DNA damage

We have evaluated in vitro cytotoxicity of cyanobacterial phycoerythrin (C-PE) on three human cell lines by cell proliferation and neutral red uptake assays. No toxic effects of C-PE were observed to any of the cell lines tested. The protective role of purified C-PE to potassium permanganate-mediated human fibroblast-DNA damage was assessed by comet assay at 0 (control), 10 and 20 µg C-PE ml−1 doses in pre-, simultaneous and post-mutagen exposure conditions. Significant DNA damage was detected only in post-mutagen exposure conditions. Our findings confirmed that the C-PE is non-toxic and provides protection against permanganate-mediated DNA damage. The preliminary acute (2000 mg C-PE kg−1 body weight, b.w.) and 90 day sub-chronic (0, 5, 15 and 25 mg C-PE kg−1 b.w./day) oral toxicity studies of purified C-PE in male albino rats showed no mortality or treatment-related major clinical signs, and all the doses of C-PE were well tolerated. The no observed adverse effect level and no observed effect level were found to be 15 and 5 mg C-PE kg−1 b.w./day respectively.PublishedN/

SODAR pattern classification and its dependence on meteorological parameters over a semiarid region of India

The variability of the atmospheric boundary layer together with meteorological parameters has been investigated over the semiarid region Delhi. Two sources of the dataset have been used: sound detection and ranging (SODAR) and automatic weather station during the period from December 2013 to November 2014. A Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW)based programme has been developed to plot the stability class from A to F directly from the mixing height dataset. Based on the SODAR echograms and mixing height, temporal and seasonal variability of stability classes has been estimated. It is observed that the convective boundary layer height advances and decreases during the daytime depending on the increase and decrease of surface temperature due to solar heating of the ground. From seasonal classification of the stability class, it is observed that the class A and class E are dominated in convection and nocturnal periods in all seasons, whereas class F is not found during the winter and premonsoon seasons. Impact of meteorological parameters, that is, wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity on mixing height during different seasons has also been studied

Post-Operative Complications and Their Management After Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Single Centre Experience

Objectives: To evaluate post-operative complications and their management after Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) at Surgical Gastroenterology department at Government Medical College Hospital in North India. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of database of Pancreaticoduodnectomy patients was done. Main demographic variables, indications of surgery and early postoperative complications and their management were evaluated. Statistical analysis was done with the help of Microsoft excel software.Results: A total of 176 Patients underwent PD from January 2013 to December 2018. 162 patients underwent open PD and 14 underwent laparoscopic/ laparoscopic assisted PD. 128 operations were done for periampullay carcinoma, 16 for carcinoma head of pancreas, 7 for neuroendocrine tumor, 7 for cystic tumor of pancreas, 4 for duodenal carcinoma, 3 for cholangiocarcinoma, 2 for GIST, 1 for carcinoma stomach, 2 for carcinoma Gallbladder with ampullary carcinoma (dual malignancy) and 2 for tubercular CBD stricture and 4 for chronic pancreatitis. Overall mortality was 4.5% (8 patients). Most common morbidity was surgical site infection (21%). Post-operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) rate was 16% (28 pt.), of which 21 patients has type A POPF, 5 patients has type B POPF and 2 patient has type C POPF. Incidence of DGE and post-operative bleed was 14.7% and 3.4% respectively.Conclusion: With adequate surgical expertise, improved perioperative care and multispecialty approach, pancreaticoduodenectomy now can be performed with low morbidity and mortality in present era of surgical advancement and nihilistic view regarding this surgery prevalent in some developing countries should be abandoned. Internal stenting may be useful in decreasing POPF rates, all measures should be taken to control preoperative cholangitis to decrease postoperative sepsis and mortality and levosulpiride may be helpful in early recovery of bowel function and oral intake

Indigenous Development of Acoustic Sounder (SODAR) in India as an Upgraded Technology for Environmental Protection: A Review

794-812Sound Detection and Ranging (SODAR) has moved to the forefront of consumer technology due to the pressing need to engage the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) in environmental protection. An active ground-based remote sensing system (SODAR) is used to determine the lower-atmosphere wind profile and temperature structure. SODAR can detect turbulence parameters in the ABL from a distance and can be used for wind profiling. SODAR, with its significantly enhanced capability, is expected to be a futuristic remote sensing device with several uses in the near future. Including an emphasis on its applications and current developments, this article examines SODAR's early history, with a review of Indian studies. The article examines past breakthroughs in SODAR as well as its advancement and applications, with an emphasis on India due to the worldwide nature of SODAR research. Additionally, the article discusses how effective SODAR is in protecting the environment and how important it is going forward. After summarising the applications, various opportunities and barriers incurred in SODAR use, a proposed review article to provide insights into previously understudied, unstudied, and studied research work accomplished on SODAR in India is constructed. The article accentuates the role of SODAR as an environmental safeguarding tool