Association of nitrosative and oxidative stress in young type 2 diabetic patients

Background: Nitric oxide levels play an important role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Aim of the study was to assess the association between serum nitric oxide levels (NOx), Oxidant load (FOX2) and total antioxidant status (FRAP) with fasting blood sugar (FBS)  in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods: Serum concentration NOx was measured by Griess method in seventy six type 2 diabetic patients with age & sex matched (aged 45-65yrs) controls. Serum total oxidant load was estimated by Ferrous oxidation product in xylenol orange version 2 (FOX2), total antioxidant status by ferric reducing capacity of serum (FRAP) .FBS was estimated by commercial kits adapted to autoanalyser.Results: Significant difference was observed in serum NO level between patients and controls (78.6+ 8.6 vs. 37.59+ 4.19μmol/L: p<0.000). Significantly high FOX 2 levels (12.4+ 2.6μmol/L vs. 4.33+ 1.7 μmol/L) and lower FRAPS level was observed in patients as compared to controls (61.37+31.64 μmol/L vs. 226.46+ 15.23 μmol/L).Conclusions: Hyperglycemia leads to nitrosative stress (increase NO level) and oxidative stress by increasing total oxidant load (FOX2), decreasing antioxidant capacity (FRAP)

Co-ingestion of black tea reduces the indispensable amino acid digestibility of hens’ egg in Indian adults

Background: Tea, a commonly consumed beverage, contains high amounts of polyphenols that can impair protein digestibility, as demonstrated in vitro. There are no human studies examining the inhibitory influence of tea polyphenols (TPP) on high-quality protein digestibility. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of black tea on the true indispensable amino acid (IAA) digestibility of whole boiled egg protein, in healthy adult humans, through use of a dual isotope tracer approach. Methods: The effect of black TPP (4.6 mg/mL, ingested as a beverage with the meal) on 2H-labeled whole boiled egg protein, administered with ghee rice and tomato curry, was measured with reference to 13C-spirulina protein in healthy Indian adults aged 20–27 y of both sexes with BMI of 22.0 ± 2.8 kg/m2. The results were then compared to previously determined whole egg mean IAA digestibility measured by the same method, without black tea, in the same subjects (n = 5). To correct for any independent effect of TPP on spirulina protein (used as a standard protein), the true IAA digestibility of 13C-spirulina protein was independently measured with reference to a 2H-amino acid mixture, with and without co-ingestion of black tea, in 3 of the same subjects. Results: The true IAA digestibility of whole boiled egg protein significantly decreased by 17% when co-ingested with black tea. However, there was no significant reduction in the true IAA digestibility of spirulina protein when co-ingested with black tea. Conclusions: TPP protein interactions reduced whole egg digestibility in healthy Indian adults but had minimal effect on spirulina protein digestibility. In populations who are at risk of dietary quality protein inadequacy, the consumption of tea during or after a meal can further increase the risk of inadequacy. This trial was registered at Clinical Trials Registry of India (http://ctri.nic.in) as CTRI/2018/03/012265

True ileal digestibility of legumes determined by dual isotope tracer method in Indian adults

Background: Good-quality plant protein sources are important for protein adequacy in a balanced diet. Legumes are known to be a source of good quality plant protein, but the true ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids (IAAs) of commonly consumed legumes is not known in humans. Objectives: In this study we measured the true ileal IAA digestibility of 2H-intrinsically labeled chickpea, yellow pea, and mung bean (hulled and dehulled) protein, using the dual-isotope tracer technique referenced to a standard protein ([U-13C] spirulina). The study also aimed to validate the use of [U-13C] spirulina as a reference protein in this method. Methods: 2H-intrinsically labeled legumes, obtained by watering plants with deuterium oxide (2H2O), were administered in a plateau feeding method to healthy Indian adults to measure their true ileal IAA digestibility with the dual-isotope tracer technique, using [U-13C] spirulina protein or a 13C-algal IAA mixture as the standard. Result: The true ileal IAA digestibilities (mean ± SD) of chickpea, yellow pea, and mung bean were 74.6 ± 0.8%, 71.6 ± 1.3%, and 63.2 ± 1.5%, respectively. The true mean ileal IAA digestibility of mung bean when referenced to [U-13C] spirulina protein or a 13C-algal IAA mixture did not differ significantly (63.2 ± 1.5% versus 64.0 ± 2.4%, P &gt; 0.05). The true ileal IAA digestibility of mung bean improved to 70.9 ± 2.1% after dehulling. Conclusions: The true mean ileal IAA digestibility of legumes in healthy Indian adults was lower than expected. Traditional processing techniques such as dehulling improve protein digestibility by about 8%. This study was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI): CTRI/2017/11/010468 (http://ctri.nic.in, accessed on 28/03/2019)

Protein-quality evaluation of complementary foods in Indian children

Background: The types of food in complementary feeding of infants and young children are important for growth and development. Food protein quality, as measured by the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS), requires the determination of true ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids (IAAs) in children. Objectives: First, the aim of this study was to measure the true ileal IAA digestibility of 4 (rice, finger millet, mung bean, and hen egg) commonly consumed complementary foods in children aged &lt;2 y using the dual-isotope tracer method. Second, we calculated the DIAAS of complementary feeding diets and their relation to stunting in a representative Indian rural population. Design: Rice, finger millet, and mung bean were intrinsically labeled with deuterium oxide (2H2O), whereas egg was labeled through oral dosing of hens with a uniformly 2H-labeled amino acid mixture. True ileal IAA digestibility was determined by the dual-isotope tracer technique. The DIAAS of complementary food protein was calculated in children aged 1–3 y from a nationally representative survey to evaluate its relation with stunting. Results: True ileal IAA digestibility was lowest in mung bean (65.2% ± 7.1%), followed by finger millet (68.4 %± 5.3%) and rice (78.5% ± 3.5%), and was highest for egg (87.4% ± 4.0%). There was a significant inverse correlation of complementary food DIAAS with stunting in survey data (r = −0.66, P = 0.044). The addition of egg or milk to nationally representative complementary diets theoretically improved the DIAAS from 80 to 100. Conclusions: The true ileal IAA digestibility of 4 foods commonly consumed in complementary diets showed that the DIAAS was associated with stunting and reinforces the importance of including animal source food (ASF) in diets to improve growth. This trial was registered at http://ctri.nic.in/clinicaltrials/login.php as CTRI/2017/02/007921

Correlation of Serum Adiponectin Level with Insulin Resistance in Healthy Obese Individuals: A Case-control Study

Introduction: Obesity, emerging as a worldwide health burden having potential risk for development of atherosclerosis, diabetes, coagulopathy, arthritis and metabolic syndrome. Obesity is classified in terms of various anthropometric modalities like Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC) and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) etc. Adipocyte secretes adiponectin that has an important role in energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin level reduces in obesity and its deficiency results in higher incidence of insulin resistance. Adiponectin has insulin sensitising, antiatherogenic and anti inflammatory properties. Aim: To compare the level of serum adiponectin, fasting plasma insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) in healthy obese individuals with healthy non obese controls and also to find out the correlation of serum adiponectin with fasting plasma insulin level and HOMA-IR in healthy obese cases. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry, MKCG MCH, Berhampur, Odisha, India, during the period of October 2019 to October 2020 which included 86 subjects. Of which 43 were healthy obese individuals and 43 were age and sex matched healthy non obese volunteers, in the age group of 20-45 years were taken as controls. About 4 mL of whole blood was collected to measure fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin and serum adiponectin. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 was used to do the statistical analysis and for correlation Pearson correlation test was done. Results: In present study, maximum cases and controls were within the range of 20-35 years. Out of 43 cases, 25 were males and 18 were females and out of 43 controls, 27 were males and 16 were females. Insulin resistance and Fasting Plasma Glucose were significantly higher in healthy obese cases as compared to controls. Serum adiponectin in cases (2.35±0.77) was found to be significantly lower than controls (8.10±2.98). Present study found statistically significant negative correlation of serum adiponectin with fasting plasma insulin (r=-0.918, p<0.001) and HOMA-IR (r=-0.934, p<0.001). Conclusion: Negative correlation of adiponectin and positive correlation of insulin resistance in obesity suggest inflammation which may lead to development of metabolic syndrome. So adiponectin is a target for future research to reduce morbidity and mortality in relation to obesity

A cross-sectional study of associations between the 13C-sucrose breath test, the lactulose rhamnose assay, and growth in children at high risk of environmental enteropathy

Background: Environmental enteropathy’ (EE) is common among children who are highly exposed to enteric pathogens in low-resource settings. We optimised and validated a stable isotope-based breath test of intestinal sucrase activity (13C-SBT) as a non-invasive test of carbohydrate digestion and metabolism. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the 13C-SBT and the lactulose/rhamnose ratio (LR) and growth in children. Secondary objectives were to assess the relationship between the 13C-SBT and additional biomarkers of EE. We also characterised the relationship between the 13C-SBT and child sex anddietary diversity, and household socioeconomic status and food security. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 12-to-15-month-old children were recruited in Bangladesh, India, Kenya, and Peru. Children were assessed with a 4-hour 13C-SBT and a 90-minute LR test. Plasma was collected for the determination of citrulline and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio. Length and weight were measured, and other variables were assessed through questionnaires. For a subset of children, anthropometry was re-measured after three months. inear regression was used to examine associations corresponding to each objective. Results: Three sites generated 13C-SBT breath curves that enabled pooled analysis. Differences in 13C-SBT breath curves, LR ratios, and other EE biomarkers were observed between sites. No associations were observed for 13C-SBT summary measures and LR, or child growth (e.g., association between LR and cumulative percent dose recovered at 90 minutes (cPDR90): -0.39, 95%CI: -1.79, 0.70). Length-for-age and weight-for-age were positively associated with the time to 50% of dose recovered (T50) (0.05, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.09, and 0.05, 95%CI: 0.02, 0.07, respectively), and dietary diversity was associated with T50 and cPDR90(-0.10, 95%CI: -0.18, -0.02 and 2.67, 95%CI: 0.47, 4.88, respectively). Conclusions: In children at risk of EE there were no associations between the 13C-SBT, LR or other EE biomarkers encompassing different pathophysiological domains of EE

Dynamics and the characteristics behaviour of soliton propagation in dusty plasmas

265-274Formation of various solitary waves in a plasma contaminated with dust charged grain have been investigated. Based on pseudopotential analysis, nonlinear Sagdeev potential equation has been derived, from where acoustic modes describing the soliton propagation in dusty plasma have been highlighted. Moreover, for showing the formation of different features of solitons, Sagdeev potential has been expanded due to which different nonlinear wave equations have been formed. It has been shown that the <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:="" hiddenhorzocr;color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;="" mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-IN">controlling <span style="font-size: 14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:="" en-in;mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-IN">of dust charge composition expects the coexistence of solitons, double layer or shock- like wave along with other nonlinear waves. The catchy of the present investigation has been emphasized to a modified formalism, called tanh-method, in finding the soliton solution from nonlinear wave equations. The success of using tanh-method derives soliton propagation from the Sagdeev potential equation in dusty plasma. Further, other nonlinear modes have been shown which enable to predict the collapse along with the conditions required for its existence.</span

Small amplitude solitary waves propagating in a plasma with negative ions

621-628One-dimensional motion of positive ions, negative ions and electrons leading to the propagation of K-dV soliton has been considered. Different aspects of soliton amplitude and width have been studied in relation to density ratio (r), mass ratio (Q) of the plasma medium. The role played by the temperature of the negative ions is critically considered to find possible regions of soliton radiation. It is also observed that there are two mutually opposite directions of wave propagation due to the presence of negative ions