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Meta-analysis of incidence, clinical characteristics and implications of stent fracture
A meta-analysis of published studies was conducted to evaluate the incidence, predictors, and clinical outcomes of stent fractures. Eight studies with 108 stent fractures in 5,321 patients were analyzed using the Bayesian method. Study end points included in-stent restenosis (ISR) and target lesion revascularization (TLR). The mean incidence of stent fracture per patient was 4.0% (95% confidence interval 0.4% to 16.3%). All cases, except 1, were reported with sirolimus-eluting stents. The incidence of stent fracture was 30.4% in the left anterior descending coronary artery, 10.9% in the left circumflex coronary artery, 56.4% in the right coronary artery, < 0.01% in the left main coronary artery, and 1.7% in saphenous vein grafts. The probability of stent fracture was significantly higher in the right coronary artery than in the left anterior descending and left circumflex lesions (p < 0.01). Left main stents were less likely to fracture compared to those in all other vessels (p < 0.01). The probability of stent fracture was significantly increased in overlapping stents (7.5% vs 2.1%, p = 0.01) and long stents (46 vs 32.5 mm, p < 0.01). Lesions with stent fractures had higher rates of ISR (38% vs 8.2%, p < 0.01) and TLR (17% vs 5.6%, p < 0.01). Conversely, the probability of stent fractures was higher in patients with ISR (12.8% vs 2.1%, p < 0.01) and TLR (8.8% vs 2.7%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, although not always associated with clinical sequelae, the probability of ISR and TLR is increased with stent fracture. Conversely, the probability of stent fractures is increased in lesions with ISR or TLR, thus raising the need for surveillance and management guidelines for at-risk patients
Aortic Annular Sizing for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Using Cross-Sectional 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography
ObjectivesThis study compared cross-sectional three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to two-dimensional (2D) TEE as methods for predicting aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).BackgroundData have shown that TAVR sizing using cross-sectional contrast computed tomography (CT) parameters is superior to 2D-TEE for the prediction of paravalvular aortic regurgitation (AR). Three-dimensional TEE can offer cross-sectional assessment of the aortic annulus but its role for TAVR sizing has been poorly elucidated.MethodsAll patients had severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and were treated with balloon-expandable TAVR in a single center. Patients studied had both 2D-TEE and 3D imaging (contrast CT and/or 3D-TEE) of the aortic annulus at baseline. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were generated for each measurement parameter using post-TAVR paravalvular AR moderate or greater as the state variable.ResultsFor the 256 patients studied, paravalvular AR moderate or greater occurred in 26 of 256 (10.2%) of patients. Prospectively recorded 2D-TEE measurements had a low discriminatory value (area under the curve = 0.52, 95% confidence interval: 0.40 to 0.63, p = 0.75). Average cross-sectional diameter by CT offered a high degree of discrimination (area under the curve = 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.73 to 0.90, p < 0.0001) and mean cross-sectional diameter by 3D-TEE was of intermediate value (area under the curve = 0.68, 95% confidence interval: 0.54 to 0.81, p = 0.036).ConclusionsCross-sectional 3D echocardiographic sizing of the aortic annulus dimension offers discrimination of post-TAVR paravalvular AR that is significantly superior to that of 2D-TEE. Cross-sectional data should be sought from 3D-TEE if good CT data are unavailable for TAVR sizing