Uporedni prikaz povišenog izlaganja zračenju u većim akcidentima i nuklearnom gorivnom ciklusu uopšte

Приказани су и анализирани расположиви подаци о повишеном излагању зрачењу у процесима производње фисионог експлозива и нуклеарног горива као и у значајнијим акцидентима на нуклеарним реакторима. Пошло се од података о нивоима излагања зрачењу током производње плутонијума у нуклеарним центрима у Хенфорду (САД) и Мајаку (бивши СССР). Потом су приказани подаци о излагању зрачењу у већим акцидентима на нуклеарним реакторима почев од Виндскејла, преко Острва Три миље и Чернобиља до Фукушиме. Резултати анализе показују да су излагања дозама зрачења изнад 0,5 Gy, као неке врсте условне границе, била у знатној мери у Чернобиљу и неупоредиво мањој и без фаталних последица у Фукушими као и у совјетском нуклеарном центру у Мајаку. На крају дати су упоредо резултати мерења јачина доза гама зрачења на великим растојањима од Чернобиља и Фукушиме током активних фаза акцидената.In this work are presented and analyzed available data on elevated exposure to radiation in the process of the fissile explosives and nuclear fuel production, as well as in major accidents at nuclear reactors. The starting point there were data on levels of exposure to radiation during the production of plutonium in nuclear centers in Henford (USA) and Mayak (former Soviet Union). Then they presented data on radiation exposure in major accidents at nuclear reactors starting from Vindskale through Three Mile Island and Chernobyl to Fukushime. Analysis of the results shows that exposure to radiation doses above 0.5 Gy, as a kind of conditional border, was significantly at Chernobyl and much less, without fatal consequences, in Fukushima and in the former Soviet Union nuclear center at Mayak. Finally intensities of the radiation dose levels measured at great distances frome the Chernobyl and Fukushima during the active phase of the accidents are given.Article is part of: [http://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/8230

Dilema LNT ili HORMESIS model u zaštiti od zračeja i nuklearno oružje

Јануара месеца 2015. године у САД је прихваћено покретање поступка могуће замене тренутно важећег LNT модела у заштити од зрачења, HORMESIS моделом. Разлика између ових модела је што према првом, свако додатно излагање зрачењу, без обзира на ниво, је опасно, док према другом је супротно – не само да није опасно већ може бити и корисно, ако је довољно ниско. Истовремено у свету се све чешће помиње и нуклеарно оружје са нагласком на његовом усавршавању. При чему се под усавршавањем подраузмева израда прецизнијег оружја мање снаге односно, мањег радијуса накнадне опасности по становништво погођене локације. Поставља се логично питање да ли се ове две акције, које су покренуте приближно у исто време, могу међусобно повезати. Одговор би могао бити пре позитиван него негативан, jер, усвајањем HORMESIS модела несумњиво би се олакшало прихватање, од стране становништва, употребе нуклеарног оружја у специфичним хипотетичким околностима. У раду су приказане основне карактеристике и научна заснованост поменутих модела заштите од зрачења, као и неки доступни подаци о расположивости и распрострањености нуклеарног оружја у свету данас.In January 2015, the United States has accepted the institution of proceedings as possible replacement of the existing LNT model in radiation protection by HORMESIS model. The difference between these models is that according to the first, each additional radiation exposure, regardless of level, is dangerous, while according to another it is the opposite - not only dangerous but can be useful, if it is sufficiently low. At the same time the world is increasingly mentioned and nuclear weapons with an emphasis on his training. Whereby the improvement of the thought of making precise weapon or less power, smaller radius subsequent risk for the population affected by the location. The logical question is whether these two actions, which were launched at around the same time, be interconnected. The answer could be more positive than negative, because, by adopting HORMESIS model would undoubtedly facilitate the acceptance by the population, the use of nuclear weapons in specific hypothetical circumstances. The paper presents the basic characteristics and scientific foundation of these models of radiation protection, as well as some available data on the availability and distribution of nuclear weapons in the world today.Article is part of: [http://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/8245

Dilema LNT ili HORMESIS model u zaštiti od zračeja i nuklearno oružje

Јануара месеца 2015. године у САД је прихваћено покретање поступка могуће замене тренутно важећег LNT модела у заштити од зрачења, HORMESIS моделом. Разлика између ових модела је што према првом, свако додатно излагање зрачењу, без обзира на ниво, је опасно, док према другом је супротно – не само да није опасно већ може бити и корисно, ако је довољно ниско. Истовремено у свету се све чешће помиње и нуклеарно оружје са нагласком на његовом усавршавању. При чему се под усавршавањем подраузмева израда прецизнијег оружја мање снаге односно, мањег радијуса накнадне опасности по становништво погођене локације. Поставља се логично питање да ли се ове две акције, које су покренуте приближно у исто време, могу међусобно повезати. Одговор би могао бити пре позитиван него негативан, jер, усвајањем HORMESIS модела несумњиво би се олакшало прихватање, од стране становништва, употребе нуклеарног оружја у специфичним хипотетичким околностима. У раду су приказане основне карактеристике и научна заснованост поменутих модела заштите од зрачења, као и неки доступни подаци о расположивости и распрострањености нуклеарног оружја у свету данас.In January 2015, the United States has accepted the institution of proceedings as possible replacement of the existing LNT model in radiation protection by HORMESIS model. The difference between these models is that according to the first, each additional radiation exposure, regardless of level, is dangerous, while according to another it is the opposite - not only dangerous but can be useful, if it is sufficiently low. At the same time the world is increasingly mentioned and nuclear weapons with an emphasis on his training. Whereby the improvement of the thought of making precise weapon or less power, smaller radius subsequent risk for the population affected by the location. The logical question is whether these two actions, which were launched at around the same time, be interconnected. The answer could be more positive than negative, because, by adopting HORMESIS model would undoubtedly facilitate the acceptance by the population, the use of nuclear weapons in specific hypothetical circumstances. The paper presents the basic characteristics and scientific foundation of these models of radiation protection, as well as some available data on the availability and distribution of nuclear weapons in the world today.Article is part of: [http://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/8245

Ionizing radiation protection

Harmful effects of radiation and call for protection against it have been recognized immediately upon discovery of X-rays and radioactivity. As a profession radiation protection was founded with construction of the first nuclear reactor in the world. After Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombard by atomic bombs, with catastrophic consequences for its population, it was concluded that accelerated development of the radiation protection methods and techniques have to be done. Construction of the numerous, research and power nuclear reactors during second half of the last century as well as the first accidents on them, especially Chernobyl, stated very rigorous radiation protection demands in front of the researcher in this field. Development of radiation protection in our country are closely connected with construction of the research reactors in Vinca. In the Apil of the 1959, a few months after Vinca accident, new separate laboratory named Radiologica Protection, for dealing with routing and research radiation protection problems solely, was organized. After that some other similar institution have been organized in our country, also. The results of the investigation of these institution have been directly applied in radiation protection of the people working with radiation beams and sources in medicine, industry, mining, science and education.Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Department of Mathematics, Physics and Geo-Sciences, Conference on Applied Physics in Serbia, May 27-29, 2002, Belgrade, Yugoslavi

Le Grand écho du Nord de la France

23 mai 18981898/05/23 (A80,N143).Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : NordPdeC

Ionizing radiation protection

Harmful effects of radiation and call for protection against it have been recognized immediately upon discovery of X-rays and radioactivity. As a profession radiation protection was founded with construction of the first nuclear reactor in the world. After Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombard by atomic bombs, with catastrophic consequences for its population, it was concluded that accelerated development of the radiation protection methods and techniques have to be done. Construction of the numerous, research and power nuclear reactors during second half of the last century as well as the first accidents on them, especially Chernobyl, stated very rigorous radiation protection demands in front of the researcher in this field. Development of radiation protection in our country are closely connected with construction of the research reactors in Vinca. In the Apil of the 1959, a few months after Vinca accident, new separate laboratory named Radiologica Protection, for dealing with routing and research radiation protection problems solely, was organized. After that some other similar institution have been organized in our country, also. The results of the investigation of these institution have been directly applied in radiation protection of the people working with radiation beams and sources in medicine, industry, mining, science and education.Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Department of Mathematics, Physics and Geo-Sciences, Conference on Applied Physics in Serbia, May 27-29, 2002, Belgrade, Yugoslavi

Scientific arguments for new - Deterministic approach to HLLLW management

One of the greatest challenges in the use of nuclear energy is the high radioactive long-lived waste which is generated during production. It must be dealt with safely and effectively. While technical solutions exist, including deep geological repositories, progress in the disposal of radioactive waste has been influenced, and in many cases delayed, by public perceptions about the safety of the technology. One of the primary reasons for this is the long life of many of radionuclides, actinides and fission products, with half-lives on the order of a hundred thousand to a millions years. Problems of perceptions could be reduced significantly, according to our and many others authors opinion, if there were a way to bum or destroy the most toxic long-lived radioactive wastes. As there are no industrial methods for waste destroying today, in this paper it was suggested a new hybrid, deterministic approach: instead of final waste disposal, long-termed but yet temporal storage only, striving towards final destruction once the appropriate conditions are maintained. This new or modified old approach could affect current HLLLW management and related activities in: changes of processing technology; prolonging the time period of waste storage at temporal depositories; increasing the investment into research regarding the methods and technologies for destructions of these materials, and slowing down the investments into the very expensive final disposal repositories. It is authors opinion that such deterministic, conceptual approach would contribute the reviving interest in nuclear energy, all over the world and especially in small and developing countries.27th Symposium on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, Jun 15-19, 2003, Kalmar, Swede

A critical look at UNEP reports concerning depleted uranium on Yugoslav territory

A critical look at UNEP Reports concerning depleted uranium on Yugoslav territory is presented in this paper. The subjects of the analysis are summarized as remarks high-lighting the following three points: (a) those concerning the use of terms significant and insignificant doses (risks), (b) those concerning the use of 1 mSv as a border between these two risk types and (c) those concerning the composition of ex pert UNEP Teams investigating the depleted uranium issue. To start with, the assumption that it should be possible to express the risks (con sequences) caused by the in take of depleted uranium ( by ingestion/ inhalation and/ or external exposure) to b and g rays from depleted uranium as insignificant or significant for comparison purposes is, in our view, in collision with the linear non thresh old hypothesis, still valid in the radiation protection field. Secondly, the limit of 1 mSv per year as a reference dose level between insignificant and significant risks (con sequences) is not accept able in the case of military depleted uranium contamination. This is because the reference level of 1 mSv, according to the ICRP Recommendation, can be used in the optimization of radiation protection as an additional annual dose limit for members of the public solely for useful practices. Military usage of depleted uranium can not be classified as being useful for both sides - the culprit and the victim alike. Our third objection concerns the composition of ex pert UNEP teams for Kosovo (Desk Assessment Group, Scientific Reviewer Group, and UNEP Scientific Mission) as not being representative enough, bearing in mind all UN member-countries. This last objection may be rather difficult to understand for any one viewing it from the perspective other than that of the victims