Effects of rotenone on motor coordination ability by rotarod test.

<p>Motor coordination ability was assessed by the rotarod test. The residence time of mouse on rotarod treadmills was shorter in mice with rotenone administration for 3 months. There were no variations observed in 1–month-rotenone-treated group compared with the vehicle group.* <i>P</i><0.05, compared with the vehicle; n≥9.</p

Effects of rotenone on alpha-synuclein inclusion formation in the SN_pc.

<p>Immunostaining against TH (red) and Thioflavine T (green) were evaluated by fluorescence Microscope. Alpha-synuclein inclusions (Thioflavine T positive) were observed in the TH⁺ neurons of the SN_pc in mice with rotenone administration for 3 months. No alpha-synuclein aggregations were detected in mice with rotenone administration for 1 month. (Magnification: 400x).</p

Effects of rotenone for 1 month administration on escape latency at the training session.

<p>Although there was a tendency of the latency to escape to be delayed in mice with rotenone administration for 1 month, no significant difference was observed compared with the vehicle. n = 13.</p

Effects of rotenone for 1 month administration on the parameters of the probe session.

<p>On the 5th day no changes were detected in any of the parameters: average speed (A), time to destination (B), average proximity (C), platform crossings (D), relative time in the training and opposite quadrant (E). Nevertheless, average aroximity (C) elevated and relative time spent in the training quadrant (E) decreased on the 7th day. *<i>P</i><0.05, compared with the vehicle; n = 13.</p

Effects of rotenone for 3 months administration on the parameters of the probe session.

<p>A: average speed. There were no variations either on the 5th or the 7th day. B: Time to destination reduced on the 7th day but not the 5th day. C: Average proximity ameliorated both on the 5th and the 7th day. D: Platform crossings improved on the 5th day. E: Quadrant time of training improved in the training whereas declined in the opposite. *<i>P</i><0.05, compared with the vehicle; n≥10.</p

Effects of rotenone for 3 months administration on neurogenesis in hippocampus.

<p>Double-immunostaining against PCNA (red) and DCX (green) were labeled for the marker of adult neurogenesis in hippocampus. The blue signal (Hoechst 33358) stained the nuclei. No significant difference was detected between the vehicle and rotenone treated groups. (Magnification: 100x).</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Transmission of α-synuclein-containing erythrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles across the blood-brain barrier via adsorptive mediated transcytosis: another mechanism for initiation and progression of Parkinson’s disease?

Demographic and clinical data for control and PD subjects. (DOCX 15 kb

Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Mediated Genes Predicts Recurrence-Free Survival in Lung Cancer

<div><p>In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis on high-throughput gene expression data to identify TNF<i>-</i>α-mediated genes implicated in lung cancer. We first investigated the gene expression profiles of two independent TNF-α/TNFR KO murine models. The EGF receptor signaling pathway was the top pathway associated with genes mediated by TNF-α. After matching the TNF-α-mediated mouse genes to their human orthologs, we compared the expression patterns of the TNF-α-mediated genes in normal and tumor lung tissues obtained from humans. Based on the TNF-α-mediated genes that were dysregulated in lung tumors, we developed a prognostic gene signature that effectively predicted recurrence-free survival in lung cancer in two validation cohorts. Resampling tests suggested that the prognostic power of the gene signature was not by chance, and multivariate analysis suggested that this gene signature was independent of the traditional clinical factors and enhanced the identification of lung cancer patients at greater risk for recurrence.</p></div

Effect of MS on the mRNA expression of neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1).

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Dissected regions of the amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HIP) (heavy black line) in coronal sections with a thickness of 1 mm from the rat brain atlas of Paxinos and Watson <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097421#pone.0097421-Paxinos1" target="_blank">[69]</a> (2.56 and 3.30 mm posterior to bregma). <b><i>B</i></b>, Comparative mRNA expression levels of neurotensin, NTSR1 and NTSR2 in the AMY and HIP of MS and AFR rats. NTSR1 mRNA levels in MS rats were significantly decreased in AMY compared to AFR rats (n = 7 – 9 per group; *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01). Error bars represent SEM.</p

Effect of MS on freezing behavior in conditioned fear stress (CFS).

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Sensitivity to pain induced by electrical stimulation. The minimal levels of the current required to elicit the stereotypical response of vocalization, limb withdrawal of the forepaw, limb withdrawal of the hindpaw and jumping were determined. Data are represented as pain thresholds (mA) (n = 8 per each group). <b><i>B</i></b>, Freezing rates of the MS and the AFR rats in the first exposure of 24 h after and the second exposure of 48 h after the fear conditioning by a 2.0 mA footshock. Two-way repeated ANOVA revealed significant main effects of the group (*<i>p</i><0.05) and session (**<i>p</i><0.01) but no significant interactions between the group and session (n = 10–12 per group).</p