MOESM1 of Identification and characterization of areas of high and low risk for asymptomatic malaria infections at sub-village level in Ratanakiri, Cambodia

Additional file 1: Table S1. Survey questionnaire for collection of malariometric and risk factor data. Table S2. Summary characteristics from the population census of the three villages divided into the sampled and not sampled individuals for plasmodium prevalence identification. Table S3. Single and mixed individual plasmodium infections as detected by PCR for the three village. Pf: Plasmodium falciparum, Pv: Plasmodium vivax, Pm: Plasmodium malariae. PfPv, PfPm, PvPm and PfPvPm stands for the mixed infections occurring in one individual for multiple plasmodium species. Numbers are counts of infected individuals. Table S4. Results of univariate analysis comparing risk factors for infection with Plasmodium spp. (all species combined), P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae. Odds ratio and upper and lower 95% confidence limits were calculated with respect to the reference category, which is the first reported subgroup

MOESM4 of Prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic malaria and genotyping of glucose 6-phosphate (G6PD) deficiencies in a vivax-predominant setting, Lao PDR: implications for sub-national elimination goals

Additional file 4. Sensitivity analysis for the odds ratios, risk of parasitaemia with “any other case in household.â€

MOESM1 of Prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic malaria and genotyping of glucose 6-phosphate (G6PD) deficiencies in a vivax-predominant setting, Lao PDR: implications for sub-national elimination goals

Additional file 1. Detailed population characteristics, malaria parasite and risk-factor survey, Northern Lao PDR (N= 5,082)

MOESM2 of Prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic malaria and genotyping of glucose 6-phosphate (G6PD) deficiencies in a vivax-predominant setting, Lao PDR: implications for sub-national elimination goals

Additional file 2. Malaria early diagnosis and treatment (EDAT) cascade for self-reported febrile illness, Northern Lao PDR

Novel Cross-Border Approaches to Optimise Identification of Asymptomatic and Artemisinin-Resistant Plasmodium Infection in Mobile Populations Crossing Cambodian Borders

<div><p>Background</p><p>Human population movement across country borders presents a real challenge for malaria control and elimination efforts in Cambodia and its neighbouring countries. To quantify <i>Plasmodium</i> infection among the border-crossing population, including asymptomatic and artemisinin resistant (AR) parasites, three official border crossing points, one from each of Cambodia's borders with Thailand, Laos and Vietnam, were selected for sampling.</p><p>Methods and Findings</p><p>A total of 3206 participants (of 4110 approached) were recruited as they crossed the border, tested for malaria and interviewed. By real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 5.4% of all screened individuals were found to harbour <i>Plasmodium</i> parasites. The proportion was highest at the Laos border (11.5%). Overall there were 97 <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> (55.7%), 55 <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> (31.6%), two <i>P</i>. <i>malariae</i> (1.1%) and 20 mixed infections (11.5%). Of identified infections, only 20% were febrile at the time of screening. Of the 24 <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> samples where a further PCR was possible to assess AR, 15 (62.5%) had mutations in the K13 propeller domain gene, all from participants at the Laos border point. Malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) pLDH/HRP-2 identified a positivity rate of 3.2% overall and sensitivity compared to RT-PCR was very low (43.1%). Main individual risk factors for infection included sex, fever, being a forest-goer, poor knowledge of malaria prevention methods and previous malaria infection. Occupation, day of the week and time of crossing (morning vs. afternoon) also appeared to play an important role in predicting positive cases.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This study offers a novel approach to identify asymptomatic infections and monitor AR parasite flow among mobile and migrant populations crossing the borders. Similar screening activities are recommended to identify other hot borders and characterise potential hot spots of AR. Targeted “customised” interventions and surveillance activities should be implemented in these sites to accelerate elimination efforts in the region.</p></div

Map of study region and border crossings where cross-border surveillance was implemented.

<p>Phsar Prom (Thailand border); Trapaing Kreal (Laos border); O’yadao (Vietnam border).</p

Proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic <i>Plasmodium</i> infections identified by RDT and RT-PCR methods for all species of Plasmodium combined and for Pf infection only.

<p>Pf = <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>, CI = Confidence Interval, RDT = Rapid Diagnostic Test, PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction</p><p>Proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic <i>Plasmodium</i> infections identified by RDT and RT-PCR methods for all species of Plasmodium combined and for Pf infection only.</p

MOESM11 of Functional analysis of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations associated with artemisinin resistance in Cambodia

Additional file 11. Network representation of overlapping gene sets associated with ART-R subpopulations (set of 265 genes) and the ART-S subpopulation KH1.2 common resistance background (set of 168 genes). The networks for the two gene sets based on co-expression data are recovered from STRING v10. The edges connecting the genes, have the co-expression evidence score greater than 0.5. The nodes and edges in “red” color represent the interaction network based on coexpression for ART-R subpopulations gene set. The nodes and edges in “white” color represent the interaction network based on coexpression for ART-S sunpopulation KH1.2 common resistance background genes set. For the ART-R subpopulation specific genes set, out of the 265 genes only 173 genes are used for overlap and for the KH1.2 common resistance background genes set, out of 168 only 113 genes are used for overlap. Other genes (nodes) are removed either because of no interactions (before/after overlap) or STRING confidence score below 0.5. The representation of overlapping coexpression network is done in Cytoscape v3.2.1 using the DyNet Analyzer plugin

Characteristics of patients and controls in each study sites.

<p>n/a: Not calculated;</p><p>*among cases between sites.</p

CRP levels in different patient subgroups.

<p>CRP levels in different patient subgroups.</p