1,089 research outputs found
Large-scale Hierarchical Alignment for Data-driven Text Rewriting
We propose a simple unsupervised method for extracting pseudo-parallel
monolingual sentence pairs from comparable corpora representative of two
different text styles, such as news articles and scientific papers. Our
approach does not require a seed parallel corpus, but instead relies solely on
hierarchical search over pre-trained embeddings of documents and sentences. We
demonstrate the effectiveness of our method through automatic and extrinsic
evaluation on text simplification from the normal to the Simple Wikipedia. We
show that pseudo-parallel sentences extracted with our method not only
supplement existing parallel data, but can even lead to competitive performance
on their own.Comment: RANLP 201
Infinite dimensional Lie algebras in 4D conformal quantum field theory
The concept of global conformal invariance (GCI) opens the way of applying
algebraic techniques, developed in the context of 2-dimensional chiral
conformal field theory, to a higher (even) dimensional space-time. In
particular, a system of GCI scalar fields of conformal dimension two gives rise
to a Lie algebra of harmonic bilocal fields, V_m(x,y), where the m span a
finite dimensional real matrix algebra M closed under transposition. The
associative algebra M is irreducible iff its commutant M' coincides with one of
the three real division rings. The Lie algebra of (the modes of) the bilocal
fields is in each case an infinite dimensional Lie algebra: a central extension
of sp(infty,R) corresponding to the field R of reals, of u(infty,infty)
associated to the field C of complex numbers, and of so*(4 infty) related to
the algebra H of quaternions. They give rise to quantum field theory models
with superselection sectors governed by the (global) gauge groups O(N), U(N),
and U(N,H)=Sp(2N), respectively.Comment: 16 pages, with minor improvements as to appear in J. Phys.
Character-level Chinese-English Translation through ASCII Encoding
Character-level Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models have recently
achieved impressive results on many language pairs. They mainly do well for
Indo-European language pairs, where the languages share the same writing
system. However, for translating between Chinese and English, the gap between
the two different writing systems poses a major challenge because of a lack of
systematic correspondence between the individual linguistic units. In this
paper, we enable character-level NMT for Chinese, by breaking down Chinese
characters into linguistic units similar to that of Indo-European languages. We
use the Wubi encoding scheme, which preserves the original shape and semantic
information of the characters, while also being reversible. We show promising
results from training Wubi-based models on the character- and subword-level
with recurrent as well as convolutional models.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, 3rd Conference on Machine Translation (WMT18),
201
Embedding-based Scientific Literature Discovery in a Text Editor Application
Each claim in a research paper requires all relevant prior knowledge to be
discovered, assimilated, and appropriately cited. However, despite the
availability of powerful search engines and sophisticated text editing
software, discovering relevant papers and integrating the knowledge into a
manuscript remain complex tasks associated with high cognitive load. To define
comprehensive search queries requires strong motivation from authors,
irrespective of their familiarity with the research field. Moreover, switching
between independent applications for literature discovery, bibliography
management, reading papers, and writing text burdens authors further and
interrupts their creative process. Here, we present a web application that
combines text editing and literature discovery in an interactive user
interface. The application is equipped with a search engine that couples
Boolean keyword filtering with nearest neighbor search over text embeddings,
providing a discovery experience tuned to an author's manuscript and his
interests. Our application aims to take a step towards more enjoyable and
effortless academic writing.
The demo of the application (https://SciEditorDemo2020.herokuapp.com/) and a
short video tutorial (https://youtu.be/pkdVU60IcRc) are available online
Π€Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ° β Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·ΠΈ
Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°.ΠΡΡΡ
Ρ 191 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈ 2008 Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈ 2011 Π³., Π² Π£ΠΠ-ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π£ΠΠΠΠ βΠ‘Π². ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΈβ β ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΄ΠΈΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π·ΠΎ-Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π° Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ, Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π°Π·Π°Π»Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π° Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΡ Π±ΡΡ
Π° β Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°Π»Π½Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ
Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π° Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ°. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ Olympus Ρ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ 2,2 ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π» 1,2 ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠ½Π°Π±Π΄Π΅Π½ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ° Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·ΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ Karl Storz Ρ5,2 ΠΌΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π» 3,2 ΠΌΠΌ. Π€ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΌ Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Olympus ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΎ DVD Π·Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΡ XYON ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ Π½Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ: ΠΠ° 191 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ , ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ 151 ΠΌΡΠΆΠ΅ (80,29%) ΠΈ 40 ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ (20.8%), Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ 48.4 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΉ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΡ
Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅: Π±Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π°Π±Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° 51 (26,7%), ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° 24 (12.3%), ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° 18 (9,2%), ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° 14 (7,2%), ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° Π³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ 26 (13,4%), Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° 8 (4,1%), Π½Π°Π·Π°Π»Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ 28 (14,4%) Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ 5 (2,5%), ΡΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΠΊΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ 8 (4,1%), ΡΡΠΆΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π² Π½ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°Π·ΠΎ,Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° 6 (3,09%).ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π€Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΡΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½Π° Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³Π»ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π²Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½Π° Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π² Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΡ. Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π²Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ° Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ
Identification of Distinct Bacillus thuringiensis 4A4 Nematicidal Factors Using the Model Nematodes Pristionchus pacificus and Caenorhabditis elegans
Bacillus thuringiensis has been extensively used for the biological control of insect pests. Nematicidal B. thuringiensis strains have also been identified; however, virulence factors of such strains are poorly investigated. Here, we describe virulence factors of the nematicidal B. thuringiensis 4A4 strain, using the model nematodes Pristionchus pacificus and Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that B. thuringiensis 4A4 kills both nematodes via intestinal damage. Whole genome sequencing of B. thuringiensis 4A4 identified Cry21Ha, Cry1Ba, Vip1/Vip2 and Ξ²-exotoxin as potential nematicidal factors. Only Cry21Ha showed toxicity to C. elegans, while neither Cry nor Vip toxins were active against P. pacificus, when expressed in E. coli. Purified crystals also failed to intoxicate P. pacificus, while autoclaved spore-crystal mixture of B. thuringiensis 4A4 retained toxicity, suggesting that primary Ξ²-exotoxin is responsible for P. pacificus killing. In support of this, we found that a Ξ²-exotoxin-deficient variant of B. thuringiensis 4A4, generated by plasmid curing lost virulence to the nematodes. Thus, using two model nematodes we revealed virulence factors of the nematicidal strain B. thuringiensis 4A4 and showed the multifactorial nature of its virulence
Physical properties, starspot activity, orbital obliquity, and transmission spectrum of the Qatar-2 planetary system from multi-colour photometry
We present seventeen high-precision light curves of five transits of the
planet Qatar-2b, obtained from four defocussed 2m-class telescopes. Three of
the transits were observed simultaneously in the SDSS griz passbands using the
seven-beam GROND imager on the MPG/ESO 2.2-m telescope. A fourth was observed
simultaneously in Gunn grz using the CAHA 2.2-m telescope with BUSCA, and in r
using the Cassini 1.52-m telescope. Every light curve shows small anomalies due
to the passage of the planetary shadow over a cool spot on the surface of the
host star. We fit the light curves with the prism+gemc model to obtain the
photometric parameters of the system and the position, size and contrast of
each spot. We use these photometric parameters and published spectroscopic
measurements to obtain the physical properties of the system to high precision,
finding a larger radius and lower density for both star and planet than
previously thought. By tracking the change in position of one starspot between
two transit observations we measure the orbital obliquity of Qatar-2 b to be
4.3 \pm 4.5 degree, strongly indicating an alignment of the stellar spin with
the orbit of the planet. We calculate the rotation period and velocity of the
cool host star to be 11.4 \pm 0.5 d and 3.28 \pm 0.13 km/s at a colatitude of
74 degree. We assemble the planet's transmission spectrum over the 386-976 nm
wavelength range and search for variations of the measured radius of Qatar-2 b
as a function of wavelength. Our analysis highlights a possible H2/He Rayleigh
scattering in the blue.Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures, to appear in Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Societ
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