Fermionic T-duality in fermionic double space

In this article we offer the interpretation of the fermionic T-duality of the type II superstring theory in double space. We generalize the idea of double space doubling the fermionic sector of the superspace. In such doubled space fermionic T-duality is represented as permutation of the fermionic coordinates $\theta^\alpha$ and $\bar\theta^\alpha$ with the corresponding fermionic T-dual ones, $\vartheta_\alpha$ and $\bar\vartheta_\alpha$, respectively. Demanding that T-dual transformation law has the same form as inital one, we obtain the known form of the fermionic T-dual NS-R i R-R background fields. Fermionic T-dual NS-NS background fields are obtained under some assumptions. We conclude that only symmetric part of R-R field strength and symmetric part of its fermionic T-dual contribute to the fermionic T-duality transformation of dilaton field and analyze the dilaton field in fermionic double space. As a model we use the ghost free action of type II superstring in pure spinor formulation in approximation of constant background fields up to the quadratic terms.Comment: Four paragraphs in the Introduction added in order to better motivate the subject, explained the choice of action (detailed derivation

Canonical approach to the closed string noncommutativity

We consider the closed string moving in the weakly curved background and its totally T-dualized background. Using T-duality transformation laws, we find the structure of the Poisson brackets in the T-dual space corresponding to the fundamental Poisson brackets in the original theory. From this structure we obtain that the commutative original theory is equivalent to the non-commutative T-dual theory, whose Poisson brackets are proportional to the background fluxes times winding and momenta numbers. The non-commutative theory of the present article is more nongeometrical then T-folds and in the case of three space-time dimensions corresponds to the nongeometric space-time with $R$-flux.Comment: We add the Sec. 4. where we compared our results with previous ones. We also improved Abstract, Introduction and Conclusion as described above. In addition, we corrected all typos and grammatical errors we notice

Atmospheric dispersion and the implications for phase calibration

The success of any ALMA phase-calibration strategy, which incorporates phase transfer, depends on a good understanding of how the atmospheric path delay changes with frequency (e.g. Holdaway & Pardo 2001). We explore how the wet dispersive path delay varies for realistic atmospheric conditions at the ALMA site using the ATM transmission code. We find the wet dispersive path delay becomes a significant fraction (>5 per cent) of the non-dispersive delay for the high-frequency ALMA bands (>160 GHz, Bands 5 to 10). Additionally, the variation in dispersive path delay across ALMA's 4-GHz contiguous bandwidth is not significant except in Bands 9 and 10. The ratio of dispersive path delay to total column of water vapour does not vary significantly for typical amounts of water vapour, water vapour scale heights and ground pressures above Chajnantor. However, the temperature profile and particularly the ground-level temperature are more important. Given the likely constraints from ALMA's ancillary calibration devices, the uncertainty on the dispersive-path scaling will be around 2 per cent in the worst case and should contribute about 1 per cent overall to the wet path fluctuations at the highest frequencies.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, ALMA Memo 59