Entrepreneurship, Job Creation, and Wage Growth

This paper analyses the importance of entrepreneurs for job creation and wage growth. Relying on unique data that cover all establishments, firms and individuals in the Danish private sector, we are able to distil a number of different subsets from the total set of new establishments – subsets which allow us to more precisely capture the "truly new" or "entrepreneurial" establishments than in previous studies. Using these data, we find that while new establishments in general account for one third of the gross job creation in the economy, entrepreneurial establishments are responsible for around 25% of this, and thus only account for about 8% of total gross job creation in the economy. However, entrepreneurial establishments seem to generate more additional jobs than other new establishments in the years following entry. Finally, the jobs generated by entrepreneurial establishments are to a large extent low-wage jobs, as they are not found to contribute to the growth in average wages.job creation; entrepreneurial establishments; wage growth

Intra-abdominal pressure increases peri-operatively in patients undergoing deep inferior epigastric perforator flap reconstruction: A prospective study linking high intra-abdominal pressure to non-fatal lung embolism within one patient

BACKGROUND: The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is the gold standard for autologous breast reconstruction. The procedure and peri-operative period are associated with the risk of severe post-operative complications, like venous thromboembolic events (VTE) and lung embolism. Whether the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) increases after the closure of the abdominal defect, thereby potentially affecting the venous backflow and the risk of VTE, is currently not known.AIM: The primary aim is to test if the closure of the abdominal donor site increases the IAP in women undergoing secondary DIEP flap breast reconstruction.MATERIALS AND METHOD: By using a Unometer, we measured the intravesical pressure as a surrogate marker for the IAP, at baseline, immediately after, and 24 h after abdominal skin closure, for 13 patients.RESULTS: The mean IAP increased from 6.1 mmHg (95% CI 4.6-7.7) at baseline to 9.0 mmHg (95% CI 8.0-10.0) immediately after skin closure [mean diff. 2.9 (95% CI 1.0-4.8) (p = 0.007)] and further up to 11.7 mmHg (95% CI 9.0-14.5) 24 h after closure [mean diff. 5.3 (95% CI 1.4-9.1) (p = 0.012)]. We found that IAP varies among the patients, regardless of the tightness of abdominal closure or rectus plication (n = 3). Immediately after closure, none of the isolated patients showed abnormal levels of IAP (&gt;12 mmHg), while eight out of 12 isolated patients (67%) showed IAP levels above the normal range after 24 h. One patient developed a non-fatal lung embolism.CONCLUSION: The mean IAP increases significantly over the post-operative period after DIEP flap reconstruction, although abnormal IAP values are only seen 24 h after the closure of the skin.</p

Heterogeneity and Non-Linearities

The returns to education in self-employment are addressed in four different specifications of the relationship between log income and years of schooling. The specifications range from a standard Mincer equation with a constant percentage increase in income to an additional year of schooling to the most flexible specification with dummy variables for the different number of years of schooling split into different types of education. Based on the more flexible specifications, important non-linearities and heterogeneity in the returns to education in self-employment are found. These results are robust across different estimation methods: OLS; Heckit correction models to handle sample selection; and IV to deal with the potential endogeneity of years of schooling. Moreover, the results are insensitive to the use of different sample years, different definitions of self-employment, and different income measures for the self-employed

Entrepreneurial Human Capital

We argue that formal schooling and wage-work experience are complementary types of human capital for entrepreneurs. Strong empirical support is found for this hypothesis as the interaction term between schooling and actual wage-work experience enters positively and significantly in a Mincer equation, whereas the effect of schooling in the absence of wage-work experience is insignificant. These results are extremely robust towards more flexible specifications, including fixed-effects estimations dealing with unobserved heterogeneity. For wage workers, the interaction term is negligible, confirming that the complementarity is a distinct characteristic of entrepreneurial human capital

Entrepreneurship, Job Creation, and Wage Growth

This paper analyses the importance of entrepreneurs for job creation and wage growth. Relying on unique data that covers all plants, firms and individuals in the Danish private sector, we are able to distil a number of different measures of entrepreneurial plants from the set of new plants, including measures that much more precisely capture the "truly new” or "entrepreneurial” plants than in previous studies. Using these data, we find that while new plants in general account for one third of the gross job creation in the economy, entrepreneurial plants are responsible for between 15% and 25% of this, and thus only account for up to 8% of total gross job creation in the economy. However, entrepreneurial plants seem to generate more additional jobs than other new plants in the years following entry. Finally, the jobs generated by entrepreneurial plants are to a large extent low-wage jobs, as they are not found to contribute to the growth in average wages. However, this insight varies across the different types of entrepreneurial plants

Children’s distal forearm fractures:a population-based epidemiology study of 4,316 fractures

AIMS: The aim of this study was to report a complete overview of both incidence, fracture distribution, mode of injury, and patient baseline demographics of paediatric distal forearm fractures to identify age of risk and types of activities leading to injury. METHODS: Population-based cohort study with manual review of radiographs and charts. The primary outcome measure was incidence of paediatric distal forearm fractures. The study was based on an average at-risk population of 116,950. A total number of 4,316 patients sustained a distal forearm fracture in the study period. Females accounted for 1,910 of the fractures (44%) and males accounted for 2,406 (56%). RESULTS: The overall incidence of paediatric distal forearm fractures was 738.1/100,000 persons/year (95% confidence interval (CI) 706/100,000 to 770/100,000). Female incidences peaked with an incidence of 1,578.3/100,000 persons/year at age ten years. Male incidence peaked at age 13 years, with an incidence of 1,704.3/100,000 persons/year. The most common fracture type was a greenstick fracture to the radius (48%), and the most common modes of injury were sports and falls from ≤ 1 m. A small year-to-year variation was reported during the five-year study period, but without any trends. CONCLUSION: Results show that paediatric distal forearm fractures are very common throughout childhood in both sexes, with almost 2% of males aged 13 years sustaining a forearm fracture each year. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(6):448–454