Эрнст Геккель - основоположник науки экологии

Translation from German on Russian 11th head, «Ecology and horology», from the book of German scientist Ernst Haeckel «General morphology of organisms» (1866) where ecology definition, as the sciences, reached practically without changes for the first time is made up to now is resulted.Приводится перевод с немецкого языка на русский главы «Экология и хорология» из книги немецкого естествоиспытателя Эрнста Геккеля «Общая морфология организмов» (1866), где впервые дано определение экологии как науки, дошедшее до наших дней практически без изменений

Аттракторы биологического сигнального поля волков (canis lupus) в экспериментальных условиях

The concept of biological signal field is expanded to information field of biotope, considering as attractors different objects in biotope space that organize the activity of animals. The most effective attractors are the objects of environment that noticeably stand out for general background. The observed changes during the time in spatial activity of wolves are associated with changes in system of attractors and biological signal field - system of attractors of the second order being formed by population itself.Понятие «биологическое сигнальное поле» расширено до информационного поля биотопа, в качестве аттракторов учитываются различные объекты в пространстве биотопа, организующие активность животных. Наиболее эффективными аттракторами являются объекты окружающей среды, которые заметно выделяются из общего фона. Наблюдаемые изменения пространственной активности волков во времени связаны с изменением системы действующих аттракторов и биологического сигнального поля - системы аттракторов второго порядка, формируемой самой популяцией

Temperature niche of the Altai Zokor Myospalax myospalax Laxmann (1773)

With consideration of the data on soil temperature within the range of the Altai zokor Myospalax myospalax Laxmann (1773) published in the Handbook on the Climate of the Soviet Union, it has been shown that the actual temperature niche of this species is relatively narrow. Seasonal movements over the vertical profile of the burrow allow zokors to avoid exposure to subzero temperatures. © 2008 MAIK Nauka

Vocalization with the mouth closed as a mechanism of generation of the low-frequency sound signal in great gerbil (mammalia, Rodentia)

[No abstract available

Temperature niche of the greater mole rat Spalax microphthalmus Güld. (1770)

With consideration of the data on soil temperature within the range and over the burrow depth of the greater mole rat Spalax microphthalmus Güld. (1770) published in the Handbook on the Climate of the Soviet Union, it has been shown that the fundamental temperature niche of this species is relatively narrow. The seasonal activity of the greater mole rat in the vertical plane of the burrow depends on the vertical distribution of soil temperature. © 2007 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Amplitude modulation in sound signals by mammals

Periodic variations in amplitude of a signal, or amplitude modulation (AM), affect the structure of communicative messages spectrum. Within the spectrum of AM-signals, side frequencies are formed both above and below the carrier frequency that is subjected to modulation. In case of harmonic signal structure they are presented near fundamental frequency as well as near harmonics. Thus, AM may by viewed as a relatively simple mechanism for controlling the spectrum of messages transmitted by mammals. Examples of AM affecting the spectrum structure of functionally different sound signals are discussed as applied to representatives of four orders of mammals: rodents (Reodentia), duplicidentates (Lagomorpha), pinnipeds (Pinnipedia), and paridigitates (Artiodactia). For the first time, the classification of AM in animals' sound signals is given. Five forms of AM are picked out in sound signals by mammals: absence of AM, continuous AM, fragmented, heterogeneous, and multilevel one. AM presence/absence is related neither with belonging to any specific order nor with some particular function of a signal. Similar forms of AM can occur in different orders of mammals in parallel. On the contrary, different forms of AM can be detected in signals meant for similar functions. The assumption is made about AM-signals facilitating information encoding and jamprotection of messages transmitted by mammals. Preliminry analysis indicates that hard-driving amplitude modulation is incompatible with hard-driving frequency modulation

The effect of amplitude modulation on the spectrum structure of the red deer sound signal

[No abstract available

Influence of spatial and temporal factors on vocal activity of the steppe marmot, Marmota bobak

The vocal activity (number of call per minute) of Marmota bobak, provoking a sound response of animals to humans, was recorded in field conditions (Kharkov oblast, Ukraine). In order to estimate the influence of spatial and temporal factors on vocal activity of the steppe marmot, a distance from a stimulus, the current time measured in minutes, and the time of adaptation, in days were taken into account. When the distance from the stimulus increases, the vocal activity is lowered. For the first minutes it increases drastically, reaches maximum at the 4th min, and then is reduced; in several days, marmots become adapted to the stimulus. The vocal activity of marmots is suggested to be their integral response to the complex of several factors acting simultaneously. A similar vocal activity of animals is possible within a wide range of combinations of various parameters which characterize the stimulus. A graph of isolines (lines of equal vocal activity values in the coordinates "distance from stimulus-current time" is given. The function of alarm call in marmots is suggested not to give information about specific characteristics of the stimulus, but to create and keep the particular level of the alertness corresponding to the situation

The hibernation temperature niche of the steppe marmot Marmota bobak Müller 1776

Before hibernation, steppe marmots (Marmota bobak Müller 1776) close their burrows to prevent convection transfer of heat to the inside of the burrow. As a result, the temperature inside the burrow differs only slightly from that of the surrounding soil. Using data on soil temperature, I described the temperature regime of steppe marmot burrows (depth from 140 to 450 cm) during hibernation (from August to April), within the species and subspecies ranges. Taking into account the total soil depth of the hibernation chamber and the dates for the beginning and end of hibernation, the steppe marmot enters hibernation at a temperature of 8-16 °C, and ends hibernation at a temperature of 2-4 °C. The hibernation temperature regime differs significantly between the subspecies. M. b. bobak winters at a temperature of 3-4 °C higher than M. b. schaganensis. In the range of M. b. schaganensis marmots start hibernation 1 to 2 months earlier than in the range of M. b. bobak. The cause of subspecies differences in dates of onset of hibernation appear to lie in the zonal properties of seasonal changes in air temperature. In the course of hibernation, the soil temperature declines gradually at a rate approaching 1 °C per month

Temperature conditions in burrows of the steppe marmot, Marmota bobak Müller (1776), in the hibernation period

Data published in the Handbook on the Climate of the Soviet Union have been used as a basis for estimating the temperature of the soil surrounding the nest chamber during the period of bobak marmot hibernation. Interspecific differences in the temperature conditions of hibernation have been revealed. The hypothesis is substantiated that the dates of hibernation onset in marmots depend on air temperature outside the burrow. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2009