Economical factors Affecting on Empowerment of memxers of Women Rural cooperatives in Ilam province

The purpose of this stady was to identify economical factors affection on empowerment of members of women rural cooperatives in Ilam province.this study was an applied research and was done by descriptive method.The statistical population of this research consists of all of the members women of rural cooperatives in Ilam province in 2010-11 (N=1242)،which 128 members have been chosen by simple random sampling method.The instrument for collecting data was a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by jury of experts and its reliability was established through calculating Cronbach Alpha coefficient (0.91). The results of Espirman correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the build and operate the business،controlling income،buihd entrepreneurial spirit،and market cognitive with empowerment of members. The result of regression analysis regarding the effectiveness of eight studied variables on empowerment of members indicated that build and operate the business through cooperatives was the important factor on em powerment of members.This variable could just specify 7.6% of variance of dependent variable

The Effect of Administrators' Educational and Empirical Background on Their Style in Conflict Management from the Teachers Point of View

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of on the job training , field of study , degree and years of experience on the administrators' conflict management style in the Girls' High schools and Pre – university schools in Shiraz Educational District  Number one in 1386- 87. The method of this survey is casual – comparative, and the statistical population was the administrators and teachers of the above schools . The sample size was 55 administrators and 165 teachers . Two questionnaires have been administered among the sample groups . One of which was about demographic information and the other has been used to investigate conflict management styles . The questionnaire has face validity and its reliability was 0.845(Gronbach Alpha) . The results of analyzing data and testing them by MANOVA indicates that the experience has effect on the conflict management styles . And the experienced administrators uses more frequentlycollaboration style . Additionally to rank the dependent variables،Friedman analysis was used.The result shows the collaboration style has the highest rank and the avoidance style has the lowest rank

Levels and functions of HIV/AIDS stigma within the Iranian community living in the Sydney metropolitan area

Objective: This study examines the levels of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related stigma among the Iranian population and the factors that contribute to the formation of stigma within the study population. Design: A quantitative research design was used in this research whereby participants completed a self-administrated questionnaire. A sample of 236 adults aged 20-65 were collected using non-probability sampling techniques. Setting: The study was carried out in the Sydney (Australia) metropolitan area and data were collected in 2007. Method: To obtain a desirable sample size, multivariate techniques including snowball were used. Herek\u27s (1986) functional approach to attitudes was used to analyze HIV/AIDS stigma in the study population. Results: The findings illustrate that HIV/AIDS-related stigma was dominant among the study population. Overall, participants had negative feelings toward people with HIV/AIDS (PWHA); they were in favour of punitive policies against them and were more likely to avoid having contact with people who had contracted HIV/AIDS. Multiple regression analysis revealed that both instrumental (fear of contamination) and symbolic factors (attitudes towards homosexuals and injecting drug user) independently contributed to HIV/AIDS stigma. Conclusion: The findings suggest that HIV/AIDS stigma has instrumental and symbolic function, and concentrating solely on instrumental (HIV/AIDS transmission routes) factors is less likely to address it properly. Therefore, educational campaigns to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma should also focus on symbolic factors. The findings contribute to the knowledge area of better understanding of HIV/AIDS stigma among ethnic minorities of similar characteristics. The results are valuable for the Iranian community, health service providers, health educators and policy makers

Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation enhances spatial memory in cognitive impairment-induced by intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin administration

There are several anatomical connections between vestibular system and brain areas construct spatial memory. Since subliminal noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has been demonstrated to enhance some types of memory, we speculated that application of noisy GVS may improve spatial memory in a rat model of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced cognitive impairment. Moreover, we attempted to determine the effect of repeated exposure to GVS on spatial memory performance. The spatial memory was assessed using Morris water maze test. The groups received 1 (ICV-STZ/GVS-I) or 5 (ICV-STZ/GVS-II) sessions, each lasting 30 min, of low amplitude noisy GVS, or no GVS at all (Control, ICV-saline, ICV-STZ/noGVS). Hippocampal morphological changes investigated with cresyl violet staining and the immediate early gene product c-Fos, as a neuronal activity marker, was measured. Hippocampal c-Fos positive cells increased in both GVS stimulated groups. We observed significantly improved spatial performance only in ICV-STZ/GVS-II group. Histological evaluation showed normal density in ICV-STZ/GVS-II group whereas degeneration observed in ICV-STZ/GVS-I group similar to ICV-STZ/noGVS. The results showed the improvement of memory impairment after repeated exposure to GVS. This effect may be due in part to frequent activation of the vestibular neurons and the hippocampal regions connected to them. Our current study suggests the potential role of GVS as a practical method to combat cognitive decline induced by sporadic Alzheimer disease. © 2016 Elsevier Inc