Preterm birth among African American and white women with a lifelong residence in high-income Chicago neighborhoods: an exploratory study.

A stark racial disparity in the unadjusted rates of preterm birth and very low birth weight exists among women with a lifelong residence in high-income urban neighborhoods; however, the disparity narrows when traditional, individual-level risk factors are mathematically controlled

Timing of HCV infections over the duration of the injection career, among PWID who become infected.

<p>The horizontal axis indicates months from the beginning of injecting drug use. Each bar represents a 4 month period.</p

Stages in the progression of infection with HCV.

<p>The duration of each stage is indicated (if temporary) together with the probability of transition to another state of HCV infection. Probabilities are shown as representative values (details in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0137993#pone.0137993.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>).</p

APK screen showing the Chicago metropolitan area.

<p>The screen shows people who inject drugs (PWID, small squares), geographic zones (gray regions) and relationships (straight black lines). PWID are colored based on their hepatitis C status: Red—HCV- Infected, Blue—naïve, and Green—HCV-recovered. For clarity, this simulation displays just 320 agents, 1% of the entire APK PWID population. Orange circles—major drug markets.</p

Attributes of PWID and representative data.

<p>NH = Non-Hispanic. IQR = interquartile range. HR = harm reduction program.</p><p>*i.e. sharing or equipment reuse in 19% of injections while 81% of injections involve sterile equipment.</p><p>Attributes of PWID and representative data.</p

Comparison of APK predictions for 2012 with the NHBS empirical survey data from 2012.

<p>APK correctly forecasts the prevalence overall and in 11 of 11 subgroups with substantially different prevalence values (average error in estimate: 2.0%). Error bars represent one standard deviation. NHWhite = Non-Hispanic White; HR = Individuals in Harm Reduction Programs; nonHR = Individuals not in Harm Reduction Programs; LEQ30 = PWID aged 30 or younger; Over30 = PWID over 30 years of age; City = PWID within the City of Chicago; Suburban = PWID living in Chicago suburbs.</p

Age and Composition of the PWID population from 2010–2020.

<p>(A) Composition of PWID from 2010–2020 based on location, Suburban and City, and age, persons over and under 30 years of age. (B) Detailed distribution of PWID over time within different age groups <20; 21–30; 31–40; 41–50 and 51–60 years of age, (C) Composition of PWID population within racial groups (NH Black, Hispanic and NH White) and within HR and non-HR groups, In all figures trends show average of 300 simulations and errors represent one standard deviation between simulations. HR = PWID in harm reduction programs, non-HR = PWID not enrolled in harm reduction programs.</p

Incidence of HCV among PWID in metropolitan Chicago.

<p>(A) Incidence density by group and geographic area summed over 2010–2019. (B) Total incidence of HCV by year. Values are expressed as HCV incidence per 100 PY and have an estimated uncertainty of ±20%. HR = Individuals in Harm Reduction Programs; nonHR = Individuals not in Harm Reduction Programs. Network = Individuals having at least one incoming connections in the PWID network.</p

Distances in the drug-sharing network of among young PWID (age 30 or younger).

<p>The data shows the results for APK compared to empirical data from the Young Social Network (YSN) dataset. Error bars represent one standard deviation.</p

Parameters for the generation of the synthetic population.

<p>^a, 1-(ab_prob_acute+ab_prob_chronic) represents the probability of HCV antibody positive PWID who is not viremic (i.e., recovered).</p><p>*, PWID who acquired HCV prior to initiating into injection drug use through other modes (e.g. sharing non-injection drug paraphernalia such as snorting straws.</p><p>Parameters for the generation of the synthetic population.</p