Causal order between money, income and price through graph theoretic approach for Pakistan

We investigate the causal relationship between money, income and price for Pakistan using quarterly data from 1971-2003. We find that both money supply and prices cause income thus verifying the monetarists' point of view. Taking account of time series properties the methodology applies recent developments in graph theoretical causal search algorithms developed by Pearl, Glymour, Spirtes(1993) and Pearl(2000). One main merit of graph theoretic approach is that it overcomes problems of over identification in VAR models, Choleski decomposition on the other hand can only be applied for just an arbitrarily identified VAR models.Causality, Choleski Decomposition, Structural VAR, Graph theoretic models

Specification And Mechanical Verification Of Performance Profiles Of Software Components

Software performance predictability is vital to a system design and unpredictable performance is a leading cause of software failure. The emphasis of this dissertation is on verification that component-based software performs as specified. Performance profiles (specifications) depend on functional specifications and are necessary for all components for modular verification. Modular verification process is scalable because it uses profiles as contracts and allows verification of a single component in isolation with the assumption that any underlying component would have already been verified or will be verified to meet its specifications independently. This dissertation presents an integration of performance specification (profiles) with functional specifications within a single language. It contains a mechanizable and modular proof system to verify the performance bounds of reusable software components built reusing other components. The proof system forms the basis for a prototype verification condition (VC) generator. Experimentation with the VC generator illustrates that software component performance can be formally specified and verified. This dissertation discusses only duration (timing) aspect of performance, but the results can be extended to include space constraints

Universal Health Coverage; A Way Forward

Universal health coverage means every person has access to quality health care without suffering financial hardships. The basis of universal health coverage lies in the primary health care concept, which was envisioned way back in 1978, as mentioned in Alma Ata Declaration1. The "World Health Report" published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008 structures primary health care reforms in four groups. One of the crucial reforms was universal coverage reform to improve health equity2. WHO and UNICEF in 2018 documented how primary health care will be in the 21st century? The approach was towards universal health coverage and sustainable development goals. Sustainable development goals were to be achieved by 2030, and they were a continuation of millennium development goals 2000–20153. The resolution on Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted the target of universal health coverage by 2030, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential healthcare services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all4. Currently, many developing nations do not have access to health services. About 100 million people are pushed into extreme poverty each year because of out-of-pocket spending on health. To make health for all, we need individuals and communities to have high-quality health services to take care of their families health. Skilled health workers providing quality, people-centred care and policy-makers should be committed to investing in universal health coverage. Universal health coverage should be based on intense, people-centred primary health care. Good health systems are rooted in the communities they serve. They focus not only on preventing and treating disease and illness but also on helping to improve well-being and quality of life5. Pakistan, the developing country, is struggling to provide good quality health services, mostly availed from the out-of-pocket expenditure. Both private and public sector hospitals were trying to deliver health services, but poor people failed to have access to many services due to poverty. To overcome this obstacle and address indicator 3.8 of SDGs, the current government developed a five-year program to improve the targeted population's health by increasing their access to quality health services. The initiative will also reduce poverty, as the government will cover most of their health budget through the "Sehat Sahulat Program". The program was part of the National vision to ensure Universal Health Coverage (UHC) for all Pakistani families. No one is denied quality healthcare services only because of financial constraints. Initially, it was piloted in selected four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which was later extended to all over the province. Currently, 7.2 million families are getting free in-patient health care services, and the program's annual cost is 18 billion. It was a bold initiative of the current government, which helped improve access to UHC, thus addressing one of the sustainable development goals6,7. &nbsp

Future Physicians of Pakistan Towards National Health Priorities

With the dawning of 2011, Pakistan medical education direction continues towards preparing graduates for functioning in tertiary care settings. Medical educators and institutions take greater pride in producing specialists and sub-specialists who achieve laurels in developed countries. While Pakistan’s failure to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 20151 suggest reorientation of physicians’ education and research towards improvement of health of individuals and population

EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHERS’ TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

The main aim of this research was to find out the effectiveness of teachers’ transformational leadership styles on students’ academic achievement. The objectives of the study were: to evaluate opinions of public and private sector college teachers about transformational leadership style, to assess difference of views about idealized influence, to judge difference of views about inspirational motivation, to appraise difference of views about intellectual stimulation, to consider difference of views about individual consideration and to compare relationship between teachers’ transformational leadership style and students’ academic achievement. The study involves the descriptive research methodology by using the standardized test ‘Multifactor Leadership Questionnaires’ (MLQ 5x-short) 3rd* Lecturer, Department of Education, IMCG Postgraduate, Islamabad, Pakistan edition developed by Bruce and Bernard (1994) to collect information. This questionnaire consists of two parts: the Self Rating Form, where leader/teacher rate themselves as leaders, and the Rater Form, where follower/student rates their leaders/teachers. Data was collected through personal visits to the sample comprising 605 students and 600 teachers of secondary classes in both public and private colleges. Analysis of data revealed no significant difference of opinion among public and private sector college teachers about transformational leadership style except their views on the intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. Similarly strong association was not found between the transformational leadership styles of teachers and students’ academic achievement. This means teachers of private sector colleges have awareness about** Assistant Professor, Department of Education, NUML Islamabad, PakistanNighat & Sufiana2development of creative and critical thinking abilities of their students. The study recommends a need to create awareness among teachers in both sectors about how to perform according to set standards of the organization and to develop students’ personalities

Malek Bennabi’s Contribution to Islamic Thought

A century has passed since abolishment of Ottoman Caliphate, an event that proved the mettle of West and set forth never ending debate over reasons for Muslim Civilization to fall behind in race of progress and development from the West. Many brilliant minds had presented their theories and ideas over downfall and revival of Muslim World since 1st World War. Malek Bennabi, an Algerian philosopher and intellectual was a product of same colonialism which exploited and suppressed the indigenes. He is among rare breed of Muslim thinkers in a sense that he had witness modern inventions and technological creations unfolding before his eyes. He had extensive interest in the history, religion, sociology, philosophy, science, culture and technology. While pursuing education in French school he resumed his Islamic education in Madrasa, where he got acquainted with Nahda movement, which help him to conceptualise his unique ideas and systematic approach toward causes of ‘al-Takhalluf” (cultural, economic and social retardation). This paper delves into thoughts behind his compiled works where he describes the culture as a medium to become progressive through ethical and technical values. He held responsible the prevalent ideology for the quiescence and perversion of society. Unfortunately, due to his work being in Arabic and French, even in translation his technical terminologies and content is intellectually higher for general readers remained little known in Muslim masses. Malek Bennabi coined the term ‘Post-Almohad Man’ to denote Muslims of modern world- lost of identity and progressive ideas. This article is an attempt to present Malek Benabi as assessable to all readers and introduced Muslims with his theories for Muslims and Modernism reconciliation. Key Words: Ottoman Caliphate, Colonialism, Nahada, al-Takhalluf, Post-Almohad Ma

The Determinants of Worker's Remittances in Pakistan

Remittances are basically a self-enforcing contractual arrangement betwc the individual migrant and the family. This idea of working abroad looks like tha may be a Pareto-superior strategy for the household when a member migra elsewhere either as a means of risk sharing or as an investment in excess to hig] earning streams. Remittances may then be seen as a device for redistributing gai with relative shares determined in an implicit arrangement struck between 1 migrant and the remaining family. The migrant adheres to the contractl arrangements as long as it is in his interest to do so. This interest may be eitl altruistic or more self-seeking, such as concern for inheritance or the right to retu home ulitmately in dignity

Attitude towards Using New Technology among Higher Secondary School Teachers in District Budgam

The present study was conducted with an objective to compare the attitude of higher secondary schools teachers towards ICT. The sample for the proposed study consisted of 60 higher secondary school teachers (Govt. N= 30; Science = 15; Arts N= 15, Private N= 30; Science N= 15; Arts = N=15) belonged to different areas of Zone Dreygam District Budgam. Random sampling strategy was followed to draw the sample for the study. The data was subjected to various statistical treatments. The results reveal the Govt secondary school teachers have altogether favourable attitude towards ICT than the private secondary school teachers Keywords: ICT, Attitude, Secondary school teachers.

Navigating through our history in research: An altmetric analysis for publications by the full-time operative dentistry faculty at the Aga Khan University Hospital in the past decade

Objective: To analyse the social dissemination of publications by fulltime faculty at a tertiary care facility. Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised publication records of the fulltime Operative Dentistry faculty members between July 2011 till July 2021. The search was done on Google Scholar, Altmetric Explorer and PubMed electronic databases. After final screening, all the publications in PubMed-indexed journals, including in vitro studies, randomised controlled trials, original research articles, case reports and letters to the editor, for which the Altmetric Attention Score was available were included. Results: Of the 225 publications identified, 34 (15%) formed the final sample. The cumulative citation count for the publications was 617 and Altmetric Attention Score was 158. There were 16 Facebook mentions and 163 tweets. Conclusion: The social impact of publications by the Operative Dentistry faculty over a decade was not convincing in terms of Altmetric Attention Score