Multilocus Genotypes for Stylissa carteri

This data file includes the multilocus genotypes for 950 Stylissa carteri individuals. The file is formatted in the standard codominant data sheet format from Genalex where samples are listed in the first column and site information and loci information is listed in the first few rows. Multilocus genotypes are composed of 9 independent microsatellite loci. Information regarding loci can be found in Giles et al. 2013 Marine Biodiversity. The 950 Stylissa carteri (phylum Porifera) individuals come from 36 sample sites in the Red Sea and northwest Indian Ocean

The predicted relationship between nitrogen stable isotope discrimination between predator and prey consumed (∆¹⁵N) and the prey stable nitrogen isotope composition (dietary-δ¹⁵N) estimates for each shark species based on the widely reported ∆¹⁵N-dietary δ¹⁵N relationship

<p>[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077567#B7" target="_blank">7</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077567#B8" target="_blank">8</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077567#B40" target="_blank">40</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077567#B67" target="_blank">67</a>]. </p

Beluga-Halibut-Si-Data from Temporal shifts in intraguild predation pressure between beluga whales and Greenland halibut in a changing Arctic

Asymmetrical intraguild predation (AIGP), which combines both predation and competition between predator species, is pervasive in nature with relative strengths varying by prey availability. But with species redistributions associated with climate change, the response by endemic predators within an AIGP context to changing biotic–abiotic conditions over time (i.e. seasonal and decadal) has yet to be quantified. Furthermore, little is known on AIGP dynamics in ecosystems undergoing rapid directional change such as the Arctic. Here, we investigate the flexibility of AIGP among two predators in the same trophic guild: beluga (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>) and Greenland halibut (<i>Reinhardtius hippoglossoides</i>), by season and over 30-years in Cumberland Sound—a system where forage fish capelin (<i>Mallotus villosus</i>) have recently become more available. Using stable isotopes, we illustrate different predator responses to temporal shifts in forage fish availability. On a seasonal cycle, beluga consumed less Greenland halibut and increased consumption of forage fish during summer, contrasting a constant consumption rate of forage fish by Greenland halibut year-round leading to decreased AIGP pressure between predators. Over a decadal scale (1982–2012), annual consumption of forage fish by beluga increased with a concomitant decline in the consumption of Greenland halibut, thereby indicating decreased AIGP pressure between predators in concordance with increased forage fish availability. The long-term changes of AIGP pressure between endemic predators illustrated here highlights climate-driven environmental alterations to interspecific intraguild interactions in the Arctic

Box plots representing the δ¹⁵N values of all of the PP derived from stomach content data of the bonnethead <i>Sphyrna tiburo</i>, Atlantic sharpnose <i>Rhizoprionodon terraenovae</i>, bull <i>Carcharhinus leucas</i>, and white <i>Carcharodon carcharias</i> shark.

<p>Box plots representing the δ¹⁵N values of all of the PP derived from stomach content data of the bonnethead <i>Sphyrna tiburo</i>, Atlantic sharpnose <i>Rhizoprionodon terraenovae</i>, bull <i>Carcharhinus leucas</i>, and white <i>Carcharodon carcharias</i> shark.</p

Supplementary Materials from Temporal shifts in intraguild predation pressure between beluga whales and Greenland halibut in a changing Arctic

Asymmetrical intraguild predation (AIGP), which combines both predation and competition between predator species, is pervasive in nature with relative strengths varying by prey availability. But with species redistributions associated with climate change, the response by endemic predators within an AIGP context to changing biotic–abiotic conditions over time (i.e. seasonal and decadal) has yet to be quantified. Furthermore, little is known on AIGP dynamics in ecosystems undergoing rapid directional change such as the Arctic. Here, we investigate the flexibility of AIGP among two predators in the same trophic guild: beluga (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>) and Greenland halibut (<i>Reinhardtius hippoglossoides</i>), by season and over 30-years in Cumberland Sound—a system where forage fish capelin (<i>Mallotus villosus</i>) have recently become more available. Using stable isotopes, we illustrate different predator responses to temporal shifts in forage fish availability. On a seasonal cycle, beluga consumed less Greenland halibut and increased consumption of forage fish during summer, contrasting a constant consumption rate of forage fish by Greenland halibut year-round leading to decreased AIGP pressure between predators. Over a decadal scale (1982–2012), annual consumption of forage fish by beluga increased with a concomitant decline in the consumption of Greenland halibut, thereby indicating decreased AIGP pressure between predators in concordance with increased forage fish availability. The long-term changes of AIGP pressure between endemic predators illustrated here highlights climate-driven environmental alterations to interspecific intraguild interactions in the Arctic

Dual-plot of individual predator (■) and mean (± SD) δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of the PP for each predator ((a), (f), (k), (p); see Table 1).

<p>Standard ellipse areas corrected for sample size (SEA_c) of sharks (solid black) and PP functional prey groups (Crustacean, dashed light gray; Mollusk, dotted light gray; Teleost, dashed dark gray; Elasmobranch, solid dark gray; Mammal solid light gray), and the broader diet (dotted black) following Jackson et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077567#B29" target="_blank">29</a>]. Note different scales on the x- and y-axes in each species.</p

Illustration of the expected relationship between stable isotope values of a predator and its’ prey in mixing space [27,28], employing the Bayesian approach of Jackson et al. [29], centered on multivariate ellipse based metrics.

<p>In choosing discrimination factor (∆¹⁵N and ∆¹³C) values, it would be expected that the δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values of the predator after adjustment to specific ∆¹⁵N and ∆¹³C values should overlay or fall within the range of δ¹⁵N values of the PP it consumes (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077567#pone-0077567-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>), indicating a best-fit scenario between predator and prey [ellipses represent prey (black) and predator (gray) respectively]. Black points represent δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of a predator, gray points (light and dark) represent adjusted-δ¹³C and adjusted-δ¹⁵N values with two different ∆¹⁵N and ∆¹³C values. White shapes represent mean (± variance) of prey species. </p

Metric multidimensional scaling (<i>m</i>MDS) ordinations of size class 2 (medium) <i>G</i>. <i>cuvier</i> dietary samples with approximate 95% region estimates fitted to bootstrap averages for decades 1 (1983–1992), 2 (1993–2003) and 3 (2004–2014).

<p>(a) Percentage frequency of occurrence (%F), (b) Percentage mass (%M), (c) Percentage number (%N) and d) Percentage index of relative importance (%IRI). <i>R</i>, ANOSIM global <i>R</i> statistic and associated <i>p</i> value. Significant pairwise tests (with <i>p</i> value in brackets) are detailed in each figure.</p

Netted beaches on the KwaZulu-Natal coast and, in parenthesis, the length of nets in kilometres and number of drumlines as of December 2014.

<p>Several net installations (*) were removed permanently during the study period 1983–2014. Insert shows the locality of the netted region in relation to the South African coast.</p

The relationship between TP and increasing body size of <i>G</i>. <i>cuvier</i>.

<p>Stomach content calculated trophic position (TP_SCA) for each size class is indicated by the white box. The solid black line in each box represents the median, outliers are indicated by open circles. TP estimated using a scaled δ¹⁵N framework (TP_scaled) is indicated by blue circles and TP estimated using a standard additive trophic framework (TP_additive) is indicated by black circles. Vertical dashed black lines indicate the predetermined size classes of <i>G</i>. <i>cuvier</i> used in the stomach content analysis (<150 cm), medium (150–220 cm) and large (>220 cm).</p