561 research outputs found
Distributed SUSY Breaking: Dark Energy, Newton's Law and the LHC
We identify the underlying symmetry mechanism that suppresses the low-energy
effective 4D cosmological constant within 6D supergravity models, leading to
results suppressed by powers of the KK scale relative to the much larger masses
associated with particles localized on codimension-2 branes. In these models
the conditions for unbroken supersymmetry can be satisfied locally everywhere
within the extra dimensions, but are obstructed by global conditions like flux
quantization or the mutual inconsistency of boundary conditions at the various
branes. Consequently quantities forbidden by supersymmetry cannot be nonzero
until wavelengths of order the KK scale are integrated out, since only such
long wavelength modes see the entire space and so know that supersymmetry
breaks. We verify these arguments by extending earlier rugby-ball calculations
of one-loop vacuum energies to more general pairs of branes within two warped
extra dimensions. The predicted effective 4D vacuum energy density can be of
order C (m Mg/4 pi Mp)^4, where Mg (Mp) is the rationalized 6D (4D) Planck
scale and m is the heaviest brane-localized particle. Numerically this is C
(5.6 x 10^{-5} eV)^4 if we take m = 173 GeV and take Mg as small as possible
(10 TeV corresponding to KK size r < 1 micron), consistent with supernova
bounds. C is a constant depending on details of the bulk spectrum, which could
be ~ 500 for each of hundreds of fields. The value C ~ 6 x 10^6 gives the
observed Dark Energy density
Gravitational Forces on a Codimension-2 Brane
We compute the gravitational response of six dimensional gauged, chiral
supergravity to localized stress energy on one of two space-filling branes,
including the effects of compactifying the extra dimensions and brane
back-reaction. We find a broad class of exact solutions, including various
black-brane solutions. Several approximate solutions are also described, such
as the near-horizon geometry of a small black hole which is argued to be
approximately described by a 6D Schwarzschild (or Kerr) black hole, with event
horizon appropriately modified to encode the brane back-reaction. The general
linearized far-field solutions are found in the 4D regime very far from the
source, and all integration constants are related to physical quantities
describing the branes and the localized energy source. The localized source
determines two of these, corresponding to the source mass and the size of the
strength of a coupling to a 4D scalar mode whose mass is parametrically smaller
than the KK scale. At large distances the solutions agree with those of 4D
general relativity, but for an intermediate range of distances (larger than the
KK scale) the solutions better fit a Brans-Dicke theory. For a realistic choice
of parameters the KK scale could lie at a micron, while the crossover to
Brans-Dicke behaviour could occur at around 10 microns. While allowed by
present data this points to potentially measurable changes to Newton's Law
arising at distances larger than the KK scale.Comment: 31 pages + appendices, 2 figure
Running with Rugby Balls: Bulk Renormalization of Codimension-2 Branes
We compute how one-loop bulk effects renormalize both bulk and brane
effective interactions for geometries sourced by codimension-two branes. We do
so by explicitly integrating out spin-zero, -half and -one particles in
6-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-Scalar theories compactified to 4 dimensions on
a flux-stabilized 2D geometry. (Our methods apply equally well for D dimensions
compactified to D-2 dimensions, although our explicit formulae do not capture
all divergences when D>6.) The renormalization of bulk interactions are
independent of the boundary conditions assumed at the brane locations, and
reproduce standard heat-kernel calculations. Boundary conditions at any
particular brane do affect how bulk loops renormalize this brane's effective
action, but not the renormalization of other distant branes. Although we
explicitly compute our loops using a rugby ball geometry, because we follow
only UV effects our results apply more generally to any geometry containing
codimension-two sources with conical singularities. Our results have a variety
of uses, including calculating the UV sensitivity of one-loop vacuum energy
seen by observers localized on the brane. We show how these one-loop effects
combine in a surprising way with bulk back-reaction to give the complete
low-energy effective cosmological constant, and comment on the relevance of
this calculation to proposed applications of codimension-two 6D models to
solutions of the hierarchy and cosmological constant problems.Comment: 42 pages + appendices. This is the final version which appears in
JHE
Accidental SUSY: Enhanced Bulk Supersymmetry from Brane Back-reaction
We compute how bulk loops renormalize both bulk and brane effective
interactions for codimension-two branes in 6D gauged chiral supergravity, as
functions of the brane tension and brane-localized flux. We do so by explicitly
integrating out hyper- and gauge-multiplets in 6D gauged chiral supergravity
compactified to 4D on a flux-stabilized 2D rugby-ball geometry, specializing
the results of a companion paper, arXiv:1210.3753, to the supersymmetric case.
While the brane back-reaction generically breaks supersymmetry, we show that
the bulk supersymmetry can be preserved if the amount of brane-localized flux
is related in a specific BPS-like way to the brane tension, and verify that the
loop corrections to the brane curvature vanish in this special case. In these
systems it is the brane-bulk couplings that fix the size of the extra
dimensions, and we show that in some circumstances the bulk geometry
dynamically adjusts to ensure the supersymmetric BPS-like condition is
automatically satisfied. We investigate the robustness of this residual
supersymmetry to loops of non-supersymmetric matter on the branes, and show
that supersymmetry-breaking effects can enter only through effective brane-bulk
interactions involving at least two derivatives. We comment on the relevance of
this calculation to proposed applications of codimension-two 6D models to
solutions of the hierarchy and cosmological constant problems.Comment: 49 pages + appendices. This is the final version to appear in JHE
Draft Whole-Genome Sequences of 11 Bacillus cereus Food Isolates
Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen causing emetic and diarrheal-type syndromes. Here, we report the whole-genome sequences of 11 B. cereus food isolates.</p
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