West-berlin: after the four-power agreement

After the representatives of the Four Powers had initialled the framework agreement on West-Berlin in principle, another major step had been completed for dismantling the confrontation between East and West. It has taken a full quarter of a century before Berlin, at last, is given the chance to expand its economy under normal conditions, and to benefit from its exposed geographical position

Single electron transistors with high quality superconducting niobium islands

Deep submicron Al-AlOx-Nb tunnel junctions and single electron transistors with niobium islands were fabricated by electron beam gun shadow evaporation. Using stencil masks consisting of the thermostable polymer polyethersulfone (PES) and germanium, high quality niobium patterns with good superconducting properties and a gap energy of up to 2Delta = 2.5 meV for the niobium were achieved. The I(U) characteristics of the transistors show special features due to tunneling of single Cooper pairs and significant gate modulation in both the superconducting and the normal state.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

A new model for deflagration fronts in reactive fluids

We present a new way of modeling deflagration fronts in reactive fluids, the main emphasis being on turbulent thermonuclear deflagration fronts in white dwarfs undergoing a Type Ia supernova explosion. Our approach is based on a level set method which treats the front as a mathematical discontinuity and allows full coupling between the front geometry and the flow field. With only minor modifications, this method can also be applied to describe contact discontinuities. Two different implementations are described and their physically correct behaviour for simple testcases is shown. First results of the method applied to the concrete problems of Type Ia supernovae and chemical hydrogen combustion are briefly discussed; a more extensive analysis of our astrophysical simulations is given in (Reinecke et al. 1998, MPA Green Report 1122b).Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, accepted by A&A, corrected and extended according to referee's comment

Advanced solar concentrator mass production, operation, and maintenance cost assessment

The object of this assessment was to estimate the costs of the preliminary design at: production rates of 100 to 1,000,000 concentrators per year; concentrators per aperture diameters of 5, 10, 11, and 15 meters; and various receiver/power conversion package weights. The design of the cellular glass substrate Advanced Solar Concentrator is presented. The concentrator is an 11 meter diameter, two axis tracking, parabolic dish solar concentrator. The reflective surface of this design consists of inner and outer groups of mirror glass/cellular glass gores

Single-charge devices with ultrasmall Nb/AlOx/Nb trilayer Josephson junctions

Josephson junction transistors and 50-junction arrays with linear junction dimensions from 200 nm down to 70 nm were fabricated from standard Nb/AlOx/Nb trilayers. The fabrication process includes electron beam lithography, dry etching, anodization, and planarization by chemical-mechanical polishing. The samples were characterized at temperatures down to 25 mK. In general, all junctions are of high quality and their I-U characteristics show low leakage currents and high superconducting energy gap values of 1.35 meV. The characteristics of the transistors and arrays exhibit some features in the subgap area, associated with tunneling of Cooper pairs, quasiparticles and their combinations due to the redistribution of the bias voltage between the junctions. Total island capacitances of the transistor samples ranged from 1.5 fF to 4 fF, depending on the junction sizes. Devices made of junctions with linear dimensions below 100 nm by 100 nm demonstrate a remarkable single-electron behavior in both superconducting and normal state. We also investigated the area dependence of the junction capacitances for transistor and array samples.Comment: 19 pages incl. 2 tables and 11 figure