Top 20 Up-regulated proteins in cholesteatoma.

<p>Up-regulated proteins in cholesteatoma sorted by 1: The number of tissues compared to which cholesteatoma showed higher levels of the protein; 2: Protein group (fold change criteria A then B); 3: Fold change. C: Cholesteatoma; N: Neck of cholesteatoma; T: Tympanic membrane; S: External auditory canal skin; a: Protein group A; b: Protein group B; b(t): Triplicates in protein group B.</p

Activation direction of biological functions in cholesteatoma.

<p>Statistical predictions on the direction of activation of biological functions associated with cholesteatoma (see experimental procedures). Biological functions with z - scores of the predictions above the numerical value 1.645 (90% significance level) are shown. In a first step, biological functions were statistically associated with cholesteatoma based on the up- and down-regulated proteins that could be assigned to these functions. Subsequently, predictions on the activation direction were calculated from the composition of up- and down-regulations among these proteins. The listed results were found in comparisons between cholesteatoma sack (C), neck of cholesteatoma (N), tympanic membrane (T), and external auditory canal skin (S). *The proteins had to show the same direction of expression in both tissues and meet the fold change criteria in at least one of the tissues.</p

Network of differential level proteins in cholesteatoma with associations to connective tissue.

<p>A. The top scoring, automatically-synthesized network of related proteins in IPA: Connective Tissue Development and Function, Embryonic Development, Organ Developmentive tissue.d proteins: Group B proteins.d EACS.holesteatoma a STRING. All proteins, except for MMP9, showed the same expression direction comparing cholesteatoma with tympanic membrane and EACS, respectively. Protein level differences meeting the group A or B criteria were detected in at least one of the two comparisons. 41 interactions (7.95 expected) were identified between the 23 proteins, network <i>p</i> value = 1.11e-16. B. Some of the top scoring significant associations of the network with: GO Biological Processes, GO Cellular Components, and KEGG Pathways; ordered by <i>p</i> value.</p

Identified proteins.

<p>Number and overlap of unique proteins identified in the three separate mass spectrometry experiments. In each experiment, a sample set of the five tissue types (pooled samples from three patients) were analyzed.</p

Overview of levels of 11 related proteins involved in inflammation, response to bacteria, and/or protein degradation.

<p>Letters above the standard deviation bars indicate the tissues compared to which differences were found in the pairwise comparisons between the four keratinizing tissues. Left: Leukocyte-associated proteins. Middle: Inhibitor of enzyme activity. Right other protein degrading and/or immune-response related proteins. a: Group A proteins, b: Group B proteins, b(t): Triplicate values in group B. Gene names below the columns. Tymp Membr: Tympanic membrane; Chol: Cholesteatoma.</p

Minimum fold changes of proteins meeting the group A and B criteria for fold change.

<p>Only comparisons including cholesteatoma are shown. Neck: Neck of cholesteatoma; Tymp: Tympanic membrane; EACS: external auditory canal skin; Mucosa: Middle ear mucosa.</p

Canonical pathways associated with the proteins meeting the fold-change criteria.

<p>A. The top scoring (lowest <i>p</i>-values) canonical pathways associated with the differentially expressed proteins found in the pairwise comparisons between the four keratinizing tissues. *The second highest score "Methylglyoxal Degradation III" was found in the comparison between tympanic membrane and EACS. All others were found in the comparison between cholesteatoma and EACS. Horizontal blue line indicates <i>p</i> value  = 0.05. B. <i>p</i> values and the involved differential-level proteins of three selected pathways from the comparison between cholesteatoma and EACS. All proteins showed lower levels (green color) in cholesteatoma compared with EACS. Underlined proteins: Group B proteins.</p

Simple overview of workflow.

<p>EACS: external auditory canal skin; Tymp: tympanic membrane; Neck: neck of cholesteatoma; Chol: cholesteatoma; Muc: middle ear mucosa; ME: Middle ear; LC: Liquid Chromatography; MS: Mass Spectrometry.</p

Additional file 1: of Partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by a novel AQP2 variation impairing trafficking of the aquaporin-2 water channel

Co-localization analysis using GFP-tagged Rab9 for labeling of late endosomes in unstimulated cells. MDCK cells stably expressing AQP2-WT, AQP2-R254W or AQP2-R254L were transiently transfected with plasmid DNA encoding Rab9-GFP as a marker for late endosomes. Two day post transfection the cells were immunostained with an AQP2-sensitive antibody and subsequently analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. (A,D,G) Inverted contrast images of AQP2 labeling in cells expressing AQP2-WT, AQP2-R254W or AQP2-R254L. (B,E,H) Inverted contrast illustrations of Rab9-GFP in the MDCK cells shown in A, D and G. (C,F,G) Merged color illustrations of the images shown in A-B, D-E and G-H, respectively. Arrows in A and B illustrates examples of co-localization of AQP2-WT and late endosomes. The presented data represents the results obtained in two independent experiments. Scale bars = 20 μm. (PDF 468 kb

On-Demand Generation of Indistinguishable Photons in the Telecom C‑Band Using Quantum Dot Devices

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) enable the generation of single and entangled photons, which are useful for various applications in photonic quantum technologies. Specifically for quantum communication via fiber-optical networks, operation in the telecom C-band centered around 1550 nm is ideal. The direct generation of QD-photons in this spectral range with high quantum-optical quality, however, remained challenging. Here, we demonstrate the coherent on-demand generation of indistinguishable photons in the telecom C-band from single QD devices consisting of InAs/InP QD-mesa structures heterogeneously integrated with a metallic reflector on a silicon wafer. Using pulsed two-photon resonant excitation of the biexciton–exciton radiative cascade, we observe Rabi rotations up to pulse areas of 4π and a high single-photon purity in terms of g(2)(0) = 0.005(1) and 0.015(1) for exciton and biexciton photons, respectively. Applying two independent experimental methods, based on fitting Rabi rotations in the emission intensity and performing photon cross-correlation measurements, we consistently obtain preparation fidelities at the π-pulse exceeding 80%. Finally, performing Hong–Ou–Mandel-type two-photon interference experiments, we obtain a photon-indistinguishability of the full photon wave packet of up to 35(3)%, representing a significant advancement in the photon-indistinguishability of single photons emitted directly in the telecom C-band