Reconstructing the complex history of a small-volume basaltic volcano (Ngatutura volcanic field, New Zealand) : The role of subsurface processes and implications for diatreme formation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Earth Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Monogenetic volcanism is very common on continents and often occur very close to civilisation. Limiting the ability of volcanologists to predict the location and extent of future eruptions at monogenetic volcanic fields is the lack of knowledge about subsurface processes at small basaltic volcanoes. This research aims to utilize exceptional exposures of subsurface volcanic structures at a coastal section in the upper North Island of New Zealand to investigate the role of subsurface processes in the development of a small basaltic volcano. Exposures include dykes, lava flows, peperite and hyaloclastite deposits, a lava pond, and diatreme. Along with detailed mapping, K-Ar age dates reveal the complex history of the Ngatutura Bay Volcanics as syn-sedimentary volcanism in a shallow marine environment. Volcanism at Ngatutura Bay is shown to have occurred in two phases, the first around 3.34-3.22 Ma, and the second at c. 1.81-1.72 Ma. Subsurface processes documented include magma-country rock interactions, the role of groundwater, magma ascent, and thermal alteration of country rock. The importance of tectonics and rock structure at small basaltic centres is also demonstrated. Moreover, deposits of the diatreme were analysed for grain size and lithic componentry. The local stratigraphy is composed of well-defined lithologies, each with unique textural and visual properties, enabling the identification of lithics in the diatreme. The diatreme deposits are described as five distinct lithofacies, and together with grain size and componentry data, the series of events by which the diatreme formed is constrained. A conceptual model is drawn for the formation of the diatreme, which is compared to current models and theories

The four-year undergraduate LLB: where to from here?

Fifteen years have passed since the four-year undergraduate Baccalaureus Legum (“LLB”) degree was first introduced in 1998. This degree was introduced by the Qualification of Legal Practitioners Amendment Act 78 of 1997 “as the minimum academic qualification for admission to practice as an advocate or an attorney … [to] ensure a level of equality between all practising lawyers” (Department of Justice and Constitutional Development Discussion Paper on Transformation of the Legal Profession (1999) 4). The justification for the introduction of the four-year LLB programme was twofold: First, there were too few black South Africans represented in the legal profession and, secondly, the country’s previous apartheid policy had resulted in a distinction between the law degree that could be obtained by whites and that which could be obtained by non-whites (Greenbaum “The Four-year Undergraduate LLB: Progress and Pitfalls” 2010 35 Journal of Juridical Science 1 2). To address these problems, Government introduced a single law degree, which was intended in one fell-swoop to remedy both the problem of under-representivity as well as provide equal qualifications for all.Department of HE and Training approved lis

The four-year undergraduate LLB: where to from here?

Fifteen years have passed since the four-year undergraduate Baccalaureus Legum (“LLB”) degree was first introduced in 1998. This degree was introduced by the Qualification of Legal Practitioners Amendment Act 78 of 1997 “as the minimum academic qualification for admission to practice as an advocate or an attorney … [to] ensure a level of equality between all practising lawyers” (Department of Justice and Constitutional Development Discussion Paper on Transformation of the Legal Profession (1999) 4). The justification for the introduction of the four-year LLB programme was twofold: First, there were too few black South Africans represented in the legal profession and, secondly, the country’s previous apartheid policy had resulted in a distinction between the law degree that could be obtained by whites and that which could be obtained by non-whites (Greenbaum “The Four-year Undergraduate LLB: Progress and Pitfalls” 2010 35 Journal of Juridical Science 1 2). To address these problems, Government introduced a single law degree, which was intended in one fell-swoop to remedy both the problem of under-representivity as well as provide equal qualifications for all.Department of HE and Training approved lis

An explicit finite element method for convection-diffusion equations using rational basis functions

AbstractAn explicit Galerkin method is formulated by using rational basis functions. The characteristics of the rational difference scheme are investigated with regard to consistency, stability and numerical convergence of the method. Numerical results are also presented

A Galerkin method using rational basis functions

AbstractRational basis functions were constructed without any poles. These basis functions were applied to the Galerkin method in order to solve a wide class of differential equations

Verantwoordelike misdaadverslaggewing : op soek na etiese riglyne

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Crime reporting creates a set of unique challenges within journalism in general. Generally inexperienced journalists are assigned to the crime beat in South African newsrooms. A lack of knowledge and absence of codes of ethical conduct create a reality wherein crime reporting more than often causes more harm than good. Within the existing media ethical debate, ethical reflections about responsible crime reporting will go a long way to stimulate thought on responsible crime reporting and help to formulate guidelines for ethical crime reporting in the future. In this project the debate on responsible crime reporting starts by illuminating where crime-reporting slots into the traditional philosophical ethical debate before a distinction is made between law and ethics. The way laws influence ethical crime reporting - if at all - is analysed. The crime reporter's relationship towards his employer, his community, the state and victims of crime creates a complex maze of responsibilities. After analysing these complex relationships, existing codes of conduct and the unique challenges within the South African context are evaluated. A set of case studies creates the opportunity to list factors needed to be taken into account, before proposing guidelines that will create a positive atmosphere for proAFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Midsdaadverslaggewing stel unieke uitdagings aan verslaggewers. Onervare joernaliste word in Suid-Afrikaanse nuuskantore met die misdaad-rondte opgesaal. Uit onkunde en weens 'n algemene gebrek aan etiese riglyne word misdaadverslaggewing dikwels op só 'n manier bedryf dat dit eerder skade as goed berokken. Binne die breër media-etiese debat kan 'n etiese besinning oor misdaadverslaggewing 'n bydrae lewer tot nadenke oor verantwoordelike misdaadverslaggewing, sowel as tot die ontwikkeling van riglyne wat verantwoordelike misdaadverslaggewing vir die toekoms kan kweek. Die debat oor verantwoordelike misdaadverslaggewing begin in dié werkstuk deur misdaadverslaggewing te beskou binne die tradisionele filosofiese debat oor etiek. Daarna word gekyk na die verband tussen wette en etiek en watter- indien enigeinvloed wette op verantwoordelike misdaadverslaggewing het. Die misdaadverslaggewer se verhouding tot sy werkgewer, sy gemeenskap, die staat en slagoffers van misdaad plaas hom in 'n komplekse posisie wat betref sy verantwoordelikhede. Nadat hierdie verantwoordelikheidsvelde uitgespel is, word gekyk na bestaande riglyne en die unieke komplikasies in Suid-Afrika op soek na riglyne vir verantwoordelike misdaadverslaggewing. Nadat enkele gevallestudies ontleed is, word voorstelle gedoen oor die faktore wat in ag geneem behoort te word ten opsigte van verantwoordelike misdaadverslaggewing. Dit bring die werkstuk tot uiteindelike voorstelle oor hoe 'n gunstige milieu in Suid- Afrikaanse nuuskantore geskep kan word vir die kweek van verantwoordelike misdaadverslaggewing

Nonlocal probes of thermalization in holographic quenches with spectral methods

We describe the application of pseudo-spectral methods to problems of holographic thermal quenches of relevant couplings in strongly coupled gauge theories. We focus on quenches of a fermionic mass term in a strongly coupled N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma, and the subsequent equilibration of the system. From the dual gravitational perspective, we study the gravitational collapse of a massive scalar field in asymptotically anti-de Sitter geometry with a prescribed boundary condition for its non-normalizable mode. Access to the full background geometry of the gravitational collapse allows for the study of nonlocal probes of the thermalization process. We discuss the evolution of the apparent and the event horizons, the two-point correlation functions of operators of large conformal dimensions, and the evolution of the entanglement entropy of the system. We compare the thermalization process from the viewpoint of local (the one-point) correlation functions and these nonlocal probes, finding that the thermalization time as measured by the probes is length dependent, and approaches the thermalization time of the one-point function for longer probes. We further discuss how the different energy scales of the problem contribute to its thermalization.Comment: 83 pages, 25 figures. v2: Corrected constraint in equation (A.26), which led to non-monotonic apparent horizons in our simulations. Replaced most figures. Added equation (4.11). Added references [37], [38]. Added acknowledgement. Corrected some typos. Most conclusions remain unchange