A sensitive spectrophotometric determination of tadalafil in pharmaceutical preparations and industrial wastewater samples

A simple, accurate, precise, rapid, economical and a high sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of tadalafil in pharmaceutical preparations and industrial wastewater samples, which shows a maximum absorbance at 204 nm in 1:1 ethanol-water. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 1-7?g/ mL ,with molar absorptivity and Sandell ? s sensitivity of 0.783x105l/mol.cm and 4.97 ng/cm2respectively, relative standard deviation of the method was less than 1.7%, and accuracy (average recovery %) was 100 ± 0. 13. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.18 and 0.54 µg .ml-1, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of tadalafil in some pharmaceutical formulations (tablets) and industrial wastewater samples. The proposed method was validated by sensitivity and precision which proves suitability for the routine analysis of tadalafil in true samples

EFFECT OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL MATRIX TABLET PREPARED BY DRY GRANULATION

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to develop a controlled release matrix tablet of candesartan cilexetil to reduce the frequency of administration,enhance bioavailability and improve patient compliance; a once daily sustained release formulation of candesartan cilexetil is desirable.Methods: The prepared tablets from F1 to F24 were evaluated with different evaluation parameters like weight variation, drug content, friability,hardness, thickness and swelling ability. In vitro release for all formulas were studied depends on the type and amount of each polymer, i.e. (16 mg,32 mg and 48 mg) respectively beside to the combination effect of polymers on the release of the drug from the tablet.Results: In vitro release showed that formula 13 had the faster release (100% after 4 h) which contained acacia (1:1) and the lowest sustain releasewas showed for F7 (73% after 8 h) which contained HPMC K100M (1:1). Formula 1 was an 89 % release after 8 h which contain eudragit RS100; F4was a 100 % release after 5 h which contain Na CMC, F10 was a 100% after 8 h which contain xanthan gum and F16 was a 100 % release after 5 hwhich contain tragacanth polymer. Formula 9 had a lower release than F7 and F8 respectively. Formula 7 can be used for sustain oral drug delivery ofcandesartan cilexetil while Formula 13 can be used in contrary as fast release tablets for faster response.Conclusion: Controlled drug delivery system is promising for less dosing and higher patient compliance.Keywords: Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, Hypertension, Matrix system, Control release

High performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of guaifenesin in pharmaceutical syrups and in environmental samples

A simple, precise, rapid, and accurate reversed – phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of guaifenesin in pure from pharmaceutical formulations.andindustrial effluent. Chromatography was carried out on supelco L7 reversed- phase column (25cm × 4.6mm), 5 microns, using a mixture of methanol –acetonitrile-water: (80: 10 :10 v/v/v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml.min-1. Detection was performed at 254nm at ambient temperature. The retention time for guaifenesin was found 2.4 minutes. The calibration curve was linear (r= 0.9998) over a concentration range from 0.08 to 0.8mg/ml. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification ( LOQ) were found 6µg/ml and 18µg/ml respectively. The method was validated for its linearity, precision and accuracy .The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of guaifenesin in syrups and industrial effluent samples

Attributes in providing successful soccer commentary : a qualitative analysis

Die Kritik an ihrer Arbeit ist so alt, wie das Fußballspiel selbst. Kaum ein Berufsfeld polarisiert so stark wie das des Fußball-TV-Kommentators. Oftmals werden den Sprechern mangelnde Fachkompetenz, Emotionslosigkeit und wenig Gespür für Neutralität unterstellt. Andererseits würden sie durch ihren Humor nerven und das Spiel nur dazu missbrauchen, um sich zu profilieren. Über Kriterien für erfolgreichen Fußball-TVKommentar ist bislang nur wenig bekannt. Welche Voraussetzungen muss ein guter Kommentator heutzutage erfüllen? Welches ist das wichtigste Merkmal? Aber auch andere Aspekte gilt es zu beleuchten: Wirkt sich eine gute Vorbereitung auf die Qualität aus, inwieweit nimmt der Assistent Einfluss und wie gehen Kommentatoren mit der Verantwortung gegenüber Zuschauern um? Welche Rolle spielt die Bildung und gibt es ein allgemeines Erfolgsrezept? Diesen Fragen wird in qualitativen Intensiv-Interviews mit derzeit aktiven und erfolgreichen Fußball-Kommentatoren, wie u. a. Tom Bayer, Kai Dittmann, Wolff-Christoph Fuss und Wolf-Dieter Poschmann nachgegange

High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Chlordiazepoxide in Pharmaceutical Preparations Application to content uniformity testing

A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) has been developed for the determination of  chlordiazepoxide in the pharmaceutical formulations . Separation was achieved using supelco C18 column(25cm x 4.6 mm. 5 µm). The mobile phase (ethanol), adjusted pH to 1.0 with 1N sulfuric acid and pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min . The peaks  were detected at 310 nm. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 0.01- 0.20 mg/ml .The method was statistically validated and RSD was found to be less than 1.5 % indicating high degree of accuracy and precision of the proposed HPLC method. Due to its simplicity, rapidness, high precision and accuracy, the proposed HPLC method may be used for determining chlordiazepoxide in pure drug samples, and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Ultrasound Irradiated High-Speed Classical Synthesis and Biological Studies of Various N-Substituted Phthaloyl Derivatives

Ultrasound irradiation high-speed and classical synthesis of various N-substituted phthaloyl derivatives as potent bactericidal agents are described. All compound show antibacterial activities when compared with standard drugs.A series of various N-substituted phthaloyl derivatives have been synthesized in a very good yield under irradiation conditions (ultrasound irradiation high-speed) and conventional heat. All compound show antibacterial activities when compared with standard drugs. All compounds have been characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Keywords: phthalymide, phthalimido dimer, phthalic anhydride, ultrasound irradiation, high-speed synthesis

High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Tadalafil in Tablets and Wastewater

Objective: A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) has been developed for the determination of  tadalafil in the pharmaceutical formulations  and environmental wastewater samples. Method: Different analytical columns with various  stationary phases were tested. Good separation was achieved using supelcoC18 column (25cm x 4.6 mm. 5 µm) . The mobile phase (methanol: water: Triethylamine) , pH adjusted to 4.0 with dilute phosphoric acid was pumped at a flow rate of 1.3 ml/min in the ratio of 60:38:2   and the peaks  were detected at 220 nm. Results: Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 0.0 4-0.28 mg/ml .The RSD was found to be less than 1% indicating the method is precise and the recovery was100±1.25% indicating the method is accurate  Conclusion: The proposed HPLC method may be used for determining tadalafil in pure drug samples , pharmaceutical dosage forms and environmental wastewater samples

Facial visible spectrophotometric determination of metformin hydrochloride in glucosam tablets and industrial waste water: Application to content uniformity testing

Objectives: To determine simple, accurate and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination metformin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations and in industrial waste water sample. Materials and Method: The method is based on the oxidation of metformin by a known excess of sodium hypochlorite in alkaline medium. Results: Formation of a yellow-colored chromophore having maximum absorbance at 385nm. Molar absorptivity was found to be 2 × 104 L.mol-1.cm-1. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-4 µg .ml-1, relative standard deviation (RSD) is better than ±1.8 (n =10) .The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.083 and 0.25 µg .mL-1, respectively. The method is applied successfully to determination of metformin pharmaceutical formulation (tablets).The common excipients do not interfere with the proposed method. A statistical comparison of these results with those of official method using t and F values at 95% confidence level shows good agreements and indicated no significant difference in the precision, and the present method has good validity. Conclusion: The proposed method can be used as a routine quality control and content uniformity tests for determination of metformin in pure form, tablet formulations and industrial waste water sample

Voicing Contrast in Najdi Arabic Stops: Implications for Laryngeal Realism

Ph.D. (Integrated) ThesisThe present study investigates the phonetic and phonological aspects of the voicing contrast in stops in Najdi Arabic, a dialect that has been found to contrast prevoiced and aspirated stops. This study discusses the implications of the acoustic correlates of Voiceless and Voiced stops for the phonological representation of the voicing contrast in this variety and examines the connection between the acoustic signal and the distinctive features that specify the opposition by employing the types of evidence proposed in the realm of laryngeal realism. These types of evidence include the manifestation of acoustic correlates of stops in various positions, speech rate effect on aspiration and prevoicing, and the Voiceless and Voiced stops’ behaviour in stop-stop clusters across word boundary in terms of regressive voicing assimilation. The manifestation of the acoustic correlates of Voiceless and Voiced stops shows that Voiceless stops are aspirated in the examined positions whereas Voiced stops show robust prevoicing in utterance-initial and utterance-medial contexts. The acoustic correlates also show that Voiceless stops are robustly accompanied by longer closure, longer burst, higher F0 and F1 onset, and lower burst intensity. Voiced stops, on the other hand, are robustly accompanied by shorter closure (utterance-medially), shorter burst, lower F0 and F1, and higher burst intensity. Speech rate affects both aspiration and prevoicing in Voiceless and Voiced stops, respectively. Prevoicing and aspiration are lengthened in normal speech rate in comparison to fast speech rate. Stop-stop cluster results show that both Voiceless and Voiced stops trigger some (de)voicing in the preceding member of the cluster. The acoustic analysis reveals that Voiceless stops show voicing assimilation in F0/F1 and burst intensity but not in voicing in the closure. For Voiced stops, the results show a degree of devoicing in their closure but not in F0/F1 and burst intensity. The results suggest that Voiceless and Voiced stops in Najdi Arabic have features from both aspirating and voicing languages. This claim is supported by the three types of evidence implemented in this study. The assumption that both Voiceless and Voiced stops are specified implicates that the voicing contrast in Najdi Arabic is overspecified in the phonology with two features, [spread glottis] and [voice]. Applying the numeric values of phonetic distinctive features proposed by Beckman et al. (2013), on the scale of 1 to 9, the present study claims that Voiced stops in Najdi Arabic are specified with [9 voice] while Voiceless stops are specified with [8 spread glottis], mainly because of the existence of moderate aspiration in utterance-initial Voiceless stops and the robust prevoicing found in utterance-initial and utterance-medial Voiced stops (1 means inactive, 9 means highly active). The phonological repercussions for the proposed overspecification in the voicing contrast in Najdi Arabic are discussed with a specific focus on the inclusion of such a patterning in theoretical models of voicing

Synthesis, Characterization of Poly Heterocyclic Compounds, and Effect on Cancer Cell (Hep-2) In vitro.

A synthesis series of new heterocyclic derivatives (A2-A7) (pyrrole, pyridazine, oxazine and imidazol) derived from 4-acetyl-2,5-dichloro-1-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate(A1) have been synthesised. Synthesis of compound (A2) by the reaction of starting material (A1) with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride in the presence of pyridine. Compound (A2) was reacted with hydrazine hydrate in dry benzene to give (A3) derivative. The compound )A3( deals with sodium nitrite to give diazonium salt, and the reaction diazonium salt with ethyl acetoacetate to produce compound (A4). To a mixture of compound (A4) and hydroxyl amine with sttired to yield (A5).Compound (A6) was prepared by reaction compound (A4) with thiosemicarbazide in presence of drops of acetic acid. Synthesis of 1compound (A7) by reaction compound (A6) with ethyl chloro acetate. The reactions have been monitored by TLC and the synthesized compounds were characterized using spectrophotometric methods FT-IR, 1H NMR.The biological effects of the prepared compounds on the cancer cells were studied in vitro. The results indicated that these Synthesized compounds (A1–A7) inhibited1 the cancer1 cells1 efficiently, the compound (A6) was activity inhibited on the cancer cells