25 research outputs found
Outreach cataract surgery services: how good are their outcomes?
Background
Cataracts are the main cause of blindness worldwide. Cataract blindness is reversible with surgery, a procedure which is well recognized for its clinical and cost effectiveness. Several approaches are used to reduce the cataract burden. They include a âreach outâ approach, a âreach inâ approach and a combination of the two. The Aravind Eye Care System in India, performing over 250 0000 cataract surgeries annually, exclusively utilizes the âreach inâ approach. In neighbouring Nepal, with its large rural population residing in mountainous areas, outreach services still play an essential role in addressing cataract blindness. In South Africa, there are several non-governmental cataract surgery services utilizing the âreach outâ approach.
Objectives
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the visual outcomes of a nongovernmental organization providing outreach cataract surgery services (referred to as the âOutreach Serviceâ from now on) in South Africa. This was done by directly comparing them to the visual outcomes obtained at a permanent hospital-based cataract surgery service. The secondary objective is to compare the visual outcomes in both these settings to the recommended day one postoperative visual acuities as set out by the WHO.
Methods
A retrospective comparison was made of the day one postoperative visual acuities of patients who underwent cataract surgery during outreaches conducted by the Outreach Service and the day one postoperative visual acuity of patients who were operated on at Groote Schuur Hospital. The study period was from July 2014 to December 2014.
Results
A total of 1067 cases from the Outreach Service and 584 cases from Groote Schuur Hospital were included in the study. The patients who underwent surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital had significantly better day one visual acuities (Pearson chi square test, p< 0.0001). The day one visual acuity in cases performed during outreaches also did not fulfil the minimum day one visual acuity as set out by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Conclusion
Despite its limitations, our study does raise concerns about the quality of cataract surgery performed on these outreaches. Our recommendation is that non-governmental outreach cataract surgery services should audit their four to six-week visual outcomes. Should they still not meet the WHOâs criteria, the necessary steps should be taken to identify and rectify the reasons for these poor outcomes. Ultimately, South Africa should strive towards establishing more permanent eye care centres
Antecedents of frontline service innovation within an agricultural, retail and services organisation within the Western Cape
Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.ENGLISH SUMMARY : Research on innovation in services is limited and it is only since the Gross Domestic Profit (GDP) of services sectors in most developed countries have started to exceed that of manufacturing, that the need for research has increased. Apart from the dramatic growth in services, the continous increase in business competition justifies more research on the manifestation and reinforcement of innovative behaviour on the individual frontline level.
This study explored and empirically evaluated a theoretical model that identifies antecedents of Frontline Service Innovation amongst frontline employees within an agricultural retail, trade and services organisation within the Western Cape. The nomological network of latent variables included Frontline Service Innovation, Psychological Ownership, Emotional Intelligence, Empowering Job Characteristics, Innovative Organisational Climate, Psychological Safety, Creative Self-Efficacy and Empowering Leadership.
The data was collected by means of a self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaire and 150 questionnaires in total were completed. The measurement model was statistically evaluated by means of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and, where necessary, Linear Structural Relations (LISREL), but only PLS-SEM was utilised for the statistical evaluation of the structural model.
The most important findings of the current study were that both Emotional Intelligence and Creative Self-Efficacy had a significant direct relationship with Frontline Service Innovation and Creative Self-Efficacy mediated the relationship between Empowering Job Characteristics and Frontline Service Innovation. In addition, the relationships between Empowering Leadership and Innovative Organisational Climate, Empowering Job Characteristics and Creative Self-Efficacy, Empowering Job Characteristics and Psychological Ownership, and Empowering Job Characteristics and Psychological Safety were established as being significant, with the mediating effect of Innovative Organisational Climate on the relationship between Empowering Leadership and Psychological Safety also being significant.
This study richly contributes to research on service innovation. The limitations of the current research project are discussed along with recommendations regarding future research. The findings have enabled the researcher to discuss the practical implications thereof and to recommend a number of interventions aimed at facilitating Frontline Service Innovation in similar organisations.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Navorsing oor innovasie in dienste is beperk en het eers in die meeste ontwikkelde lande ân toename getoon nadat die Bruto Binnelandse Produk (BBP) van die dienstesektore diĂ© van vervaardiging begin oorskrei het. Benewens die dramatiese toename in dienste, regverdig die deurlopende toename in besigheidsmededinging die manifestering en versterking van gedrags-innovasie-patrone op die individuele kontakdiensvlak.
Hierdie studie het ân teoretiese model, wat die oorsaaklike faktore van Kontakdiens-Innovasie onder kontakdienswerkers wat in ân landbou kleinhandel-, handel- en dienste-organisasie in die Wes-Kaap werksaam is, ondersoek en empiries geĂ«valueer. Die nomologiese netwerk van latente veranderlikes het onder meer Kontakdiens-Innovasie, Sielkundige Eienaarskap, Emosionele Intelligensie, Bemagtigende Poseienskappe, Innoverende Organisasieklimaat, Sielkundige Veiligheid, Kreatiwe Selfbekwaamheid en Bemagtigende Leierskap ingesluit.
Die data is ingevorder by wyse van ân self-geadministreerde papier-en-potlood vraelys en 150 vraelyste is voltooi. Die metingsmodel is statisties geĂ«valueer deur middel van âPartial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM)â en, waar nodig, âLinear Structural Relations (LISREL)â, maar slegs âPLS-SEMâ is aangewend ten einde die strukturele model te evalueer.
Die belangrikste bevindinge wat die studie opgelewer het is dat beide Emosionele Intelligensie en Kreatiewe Selfbekwaamheid ân beduidende positiewe verwantskap met Kontakdiens-Innovasie toon, en Kreatiewe Selfbekwaamheid die verwantskap tussen Bemagtigende Poseienskappe en Kontakdiens-Innovasie bemiddel. Daarmee saam is daar bevind dat die verwantskappe tussen Bemagtigende Leierskap en Innoverende Organisasieklimaat, Bemagtigende Poseienskappe en Kreatiewe Selfbekwaamheid, Bemagtigende Poseienskappe en Sielkundige Eienaarskap, en Bemagtigende Poseienskappe en Sielkundige Veiligheid beduidend is, met die bemiddelende effek van Innoverende Organisasieklimaat op die verwantskap tussen Bemagtigings Leierskap en Sielkundige Veiligheid wat ook beduidend is.
Hierdie studie dra ryklik by tot navorsing oor dienste-innovasie. Die beperkinge van die toepaslike navorsingsprojek word tesame met aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing bespreek. Die bevindinge het die navorser in staat gestel om die praktiese implikasies daarvan te bespreek en ân aantal intervensies, wat daarop gerig is om Kontakdiens-Innovasie in soortgelyke organisasies te verbeter, aan te beveel.Master
Christendom at the Cape : a critical examination of the early formation of the Dutch Reformed Church
Includes bibliographical references (p. 255-260).The primary research question of this dissertation is: What was the particular form that Christendom took on at the Cape during the formative period of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) rule and how did it shape the Dutch Reformed Church as established church in this locale? This question was prompted by my hunch that the Dutch Reformed Church at the Cape and in the later South Africa has since VOC rule displayed signs of regarding itself as an important ecclesiastical partner in a Christian establishment. This was evidenced in the development of the Church2 into a quasi-established position (during British rule and thereafter), and the Volkskerk of the Afrikaner people and nationalism. In post-VOC times Christendom at the Cape Colony and in South Africa has also undergone various transformations. The answer to the primary research question can therefore contribute to our understanding of the contemporary character of Christendom in South Africa and the Church. A secondary research question is how the development of Christendom at the Cape can help us understand the phenomenon of Christendom itself. In order to answer these questions I embarked on a critical and comparative study of the concept of Christendom in various contexts and the position of the church within them - postChristian Europe, post-Vatican II Latin America, and post-1960's North America. In the light of this study an archival and theologically critical analysis was made of Christendom at the Cape, mainly from the vantage point of the Dutch Reformed Church. The findings were categorised under three headings: Church privilege; the control of state and culture over Church and gospel; and, the freedom of the Church. The primary research question yielded a picture of the Church as inheritor of, and involuntary partner in a Christendom that was the result of a colonial venture of capitalist upper middle class Dutch Reformed merchants. The Church imbibed the habit of being co-opted by the powers that be for the sake of material and social benefit and for the sake of promoting its evangelistic, diaconal, and educational charges. In the process it grew accustomed to compromise the integrity of its own faith and order and ultimately its public witness
The impact of a sensory developmental care programme for very low birth weight preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Thesis (MOccTher (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Occupational Therapy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: AGTERGROND
Dit is bekend dat vroeggebore babas met Ć baie lae geboortemassa Ć hoĂ«r
insidensie van ontwikkelings-, gedrags- en mediese agterstande en verskeie
leerprobleme toon teen die tyd dat hulle skoolgaande ouderdom bereik. Kommer
bestaan ook oor die omgewingseffek van die neonatale intensiewe sorgeenheid op
die sensoriese ontwikkeling van die vroeggebore baba en hoe dit tot bogenoemde
agterstande kan bydra. Daar is verskillende benaderings wat daarop aanspraak
maak dat hulle die probleem kan oplos, met kangaroemoedersorg (âkangaroo mother
careâ) en ontwikkelingsorg (âdevelopmental careâ) wat in die literatuur uitgesonder is
as besonders belowend. Met die aanvang van hierdie studie was daar nog geen
empiriese studies in die literatuur gerapporteer wat enige aansprake van hierdie
benaderings bevestig het nie. Daar was dus Ć behoefte vir Ć empiries-nagevorsde
program wat prakties in die neonatale intensiewe eenheid toegepas kon word met die
oog op die vermindering van omgewingstressors ten opsigte van die vroeggebore
baba se sensoriese sisteme.
DOEL
Die doel met die studie was om die invloed te bepaal van Ć Sensoriese Ontwikkelingsorgprogram
(âSensory Developmental Care Programmeâ), wat Ć spesifieke kangaroemoedersorg-
protokol insluit, op die sensoriese ontwikkeling van die vroeggebore
baba met 'Ć baie lae geboortemassa tot en met die ouderdom van 18 maande
(gekorrigeerde ouderdom).
METODOLOGIE
Ć Ewekansig-gekontroleerde studie is uitgevoer. Die studiesteekproef het bestaan uit
89 vroeggebore babas met Ć baie lae geboortemassa wat in Ć periode van 24
maande toegelaat is tot die neonatale eenheid van Tygerberg Hospitaal in Kaapstad,
Suid-Afrika. Die babas is gewerf op grond van sekere kriteria en is dan daarna
ewekansig aan een van twee groepe toegeken: 1) die intervensiegroep het sorg
ontvang volgens die Sensoriese Ontwikkelingsorgprogram vir 10 dae; en 2) die
kontrolegroep het ook vir 10 dae die standaardsorg van die eenheid ontvang. Die
intervensiegroep het uit 45 babas bestaan, van wie 22 die studie voltooi het, terwyl
die kontrolegroep uit 44 babas bestaan het van wie 20 die studie voltooi het. Beide
studiegroepe is opgevolg op 6, 12 en 18 maande (gekorrigeerde ouderdom), by
welke geleentheid die Sensoriese Funksietoets vir Babas (âTest of Sensory Functions
in Infantsâ) telkens toegepas is vir die assessering van sensoriese ontwikkeling. Op
18 maande (gekorrigeerde ouderdom) is Ć assessering met die Griffiths
Ontwikkelingskaal ook gedoen om funksies in die ander ontwikkelingsareas van die
babas te bepaal. Toetsresultate is geanaliseer met behulp van herhaalde ANOVAmetings
en die Bonferoni t-prosedure om die effek van die Sensoriese
Ontwikkelingsorgprogram op die sensoriese ontwikkeling van die babas tot en met
18 maande (gekorrigeerde ouderdom) te bepaal.
RESULTATE
Die resultate van die vergelyking van die prestasie van beide groepe (groep-effek),
gemeet met behulp van die Sensoriese Funksietoets vir Babas, is van groot belang
vir hierdie studie. Die intervensiegroep het betekenisvol verskil op die totale telling
(p<0.00), sowel as op die volgende vier van die vyf subtoets-tellings: respons op
diepdruk (âtactile deep pressureâ) (p<0.03); motoriese aanpassingsreaksies (p<0.03);
visuele tas-integrasie (p<0.00); en respons op vestibulĂȘre stimulasie (p<0.01).
GEVOLGTREKKING
Die resultate van die studie dui aan dat die babas in die intervensiegroep baat gevind
het by die Sensoriese Ontwikkelingsorgprogram met betrekking tot hul sensoriese
funksies tot en met die ouderdom van 18 maande (gekorrigeerde ouderdom). Die
Sensoriese Ontwikkelingsorgprogram het geblyk prakties sowel as suksesvol te
wees met betrekking tot sy doel. Die Program sou daarom met vrug in ander
neonatale intensiewe sorgeenhede aangewend kon word.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND
Premature infants of very low birth weight are known to be inclined to developmental,
medical, behavioural and various learning deficiencies by the time they reach schoolgoing
age. Concerns have been raised about the effect of the neonatal intensive care
unit environment on the sensory development of the premature infant and how this
could contribute to these deficiencies. Various approaches claim to address this
problem, of which kangaroo mother care and developmental care have in the
literature been singled out as particularly promising. However, at the commencement
of this study no empirical studies had been reported in the literature to confirm any of
the claims of these approaches. Therefore, a need existed for an empirically
researched programme that could be practically applied in the neonatal intensive
care unit with a view to reducing environmental stressors regarding the sensory
systems of the premature infant.
AIM
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a Sensory Developmental
Care Programme, which incorporated a specific kangaroo mother care protocol, on
the sensory development of the very low birth weight premature infant, up to the age
of 18 months (corrected age).
METHODOLOGY
A randomised controlled study was conducted. The study sample consisted of 89
very low birth weight premature infants, admitted during a 24-month period to the
neonatal care unit at Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. The infants
were recruited by means of certain criteria and then randomly assigned to one of two
groups: 1) the intervention group was cared for according to the Sensory
Developmental Care Programme for ten recorded days; and 2) the control group that
received the standard care of the unit, also for ten days. The intervention group
consisted of 45 infants of whom 22 completed the study, while the control group
consisted of 44 infants of whom 20 completed the study. Both study groups were
followed up at six, 12 and 18 months (corrected age) when the Test of Sensory
Functions in Infants was used to do a sensory developmental assessment. At 18
months (corrected age) a Griffiths Developmental Scale assessment was also
conducted to determine function in other areas of development. Test results were
analysed using repeated measures of ANOVA, and the Bonferoni t procedure to
determine the effect that the Sensory Developmental Care Programme had on the
sensory development of the infant up to 18 months (corrected age).
RESULTS
The results of the comparison of the performance of both groups (group effect),
measured by the Test of Sensory Functions in Infants are of great importance to this
study. The intervention group had a significant difference on the total score (p<0.00),
as well as on the following four of the five sub-tests scores: reactivity to tactile deep
pressure (p<0.03); adaptive motor functions (p<0.03); visual-tactile integration
(p<0.00); and reactivity to vestibular stimulation (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION
The results of this study signify that the infants in the intervention group benefited
from the Sensory Developmental Care Programme concerning their sensory
functions up to the age of 18 months (corrected age). The Sensory Developmental
Care Programme was demonstrated to be both practical and successful in terms of
its aims. The Programme could therefore be fruitfully utilised in other neonatal
intensive care units
Techno-economic and life cycle analyses for comparison of biorefinery scenarios for the production of succinic acid, itaconic acid and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from sugarcane lignocelluloses
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The pressure on energy resources worldwide combined with the awareness of the major impact industrial processes have on the environment, triggers the development of alternative energy sources and methods to reduce waste. Anaerobic digestion of waste addresses both these criteria by simultaneously supplying energy and reducing waste that would otherwise have to be stored or burned.
This study focuses on the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure and the processes associated with the products downstream of the digester that can potentially replace current sources of energy and nutrients. A pilot anaerobic digester at Stellenbosch University (SU) is used as the base for the mass balance but the process data used is obtained from literature.
Six different sets of processes (scenarios) were evaluated based on the possible uses of the biogas and digestate outflows from the digester. Ecoinventâs database together with GreenDelta as Life Cycle Assessment software provider was used to determine the life cycle assessment (LCA) of each scenario. The CML impact assessment method was used as it concentrates on the LCA categories as per the scope of this study. LCA is the methodology for determining relative environmental impacts of a process from cradle to grave. The CML environmental categories are acidification potential, climate change, ozone depletion potential, photochemical oxidation, terrestrial ecotoxicity, human toxicity, depletion of abiotic resources, aquatic toxicity and eutrophication.
The results of each scenario are compared to a base case consisting of the normal operation of a milk cow stall, combined with offset processes for the six scenarios. In scenario 1 and 2 the biogas is used to heat SUâs indoor swimming pool while the digestate is either applied to fields as nutrient source or cleaned via pasteurisation for domestic use. Scenario 3 uses the digestate as nutrient supply while biogas is scrubbed and bottled for cooking. Scenario 4 converts the digestate solids into fertilizer pellets while a portion of the biogas is used for generating electricity. Scenario 5 and 6 both involve the cleaning and bottling of biogas for cooking. In scenario 5 the digestate solids are mixed with limestone for fertilizer production. The liquid phase is used for irrigation. Scenario 6 uses the liquid digestate as nutrient source in a photo bioreactor cultivating algae. The bio-oil produced is converted into biodiesel. The solid digestate is applied to agricultural fields as nutrient source.
After normalizing the LCA results of the scenarios against the results of the base case, it was found that the application of digestate without phase separation has a lower environmental impact than digestate converted into fertilizer. Biogas used for heating and power generation has lower impacts on the environmental categories than biogas scrubbed and bottled for cooking. The impacts from the base case are higher than the impacts of an anaerobic digester combined with processes utilizing biogas and digestate in their raw states. Processes from the different scenarios were mixed to create an optimum scenario with even lower impacts, but scenario 4âs impacts remained the lowest overall.
Operating an anaerobic digester fed with cattle manure will improve the environmental impacts of a cattle stall significantly. The application of biogas and digestate on the farm adds financial benefits for the farmer while the whole operation is more environmentally friendly.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die druk op energiehulpbronne wĂȘreldwyd, gekombineer met die bewustheid van die groot impak wat industriĂ«le prosesse op die omgewing het, gee aanleiding tot die ontwikkeling van alternatiewe energiebronne en metodes om afval te verminder. AnaĂ«robiese vertering van afval spreek beide hierdie kriteria aan deur gelyktydig energie te verskaf en afval te verminder wat andersins gestoor of gebrand moet word.
Hierdie studie het op die anaĂ«robiese vertering van beesmis gefokus en op die prosesse geassosieer met die verteerder se produkte stroomaf wat potensieel die huidige bronne van energie en voedingstowwe kan vervang. ân Loods anaĂ«robiese verteerder is by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch gebruik as die basis vir die massabalans. Die data wat gebruik is, is uit literatuur verkry.
Ses verskillende stelle prosesse (scenarioâs) is geĂ«valueer gebaseer op die moontlike gebruike van die biogas en oorskot uitvloeisels vanaf die verteerder. Ecoinvent databasis met GreenDelta as LSA sagteware verskaffer, is gebruik om die lewensiklus assessering (LSA) van elke scenario vas te stel. Die CML impak assesseringsmetode is gekies omdat dit fokus op die LSA kategorieĂ« volgens die raamwerk van hierdie studie. LSA is die relatiewe metodologie om omgewingsimpak van ân proses van wieg tot graf vas te stel. Die CML omgewing kategorieĂ« is aansuring potensiaal, klimaatverandering, osoon uitputting potensiaal, fotochemiese oksidasie, aard-ekotoksisiteit, menslike toksisiteit, uitputting van abiotiese hulpbronne, water toksisiteit en eutrofisering.
Die resultate van elke scenario is vergelyk met die basisgeval wat bestaan uit die normale werking van ân melkkoeistal, gekombineer met teenstelling prosesse vir die ses scenarioâs. In scenario 1 en 2 is die biogas gebruik om die binnehuise swembad van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch te verhit terwyl die oorskot op die velde aangewend is as voedingsbron, of skoongemaak is via pasteurisasie vir huishoudelike gebruik. Scenario 3 het die oorskot as voedingstof voorsiening gebruik terwyl biogas geskrop en gebottel is om mee te kook. Scenario 4 het die vaste oorskot in kunsmiskorrels omgesit, terwyl ân gedeelte van die biogas gebruik is vir die opwekking van elektrisiteit. Scenario 5 en 6 het beide die skoonmaak en bottelering van biogas om mee te kook, behels. In scenario 5 was die vaste oorskot met kalkklip gemeng vir kunsmis produksie. Die vloeistoffase is gebruik vir besproeiing. Scenario 6 het die vloeibare oorskot as voedingsbron gebruik in ân foto bioreaktor wat alge kweek. Die bio-olie wat vervaardig is, is omgesit na biodiesel. Die vaste oorskot is op landbouvelde as voedingsbron aangewend.
Nadat die LSA resultate genormaliseer is deur dit te vergelyk met die resultate van die basisgeval, is dit gevind dat die toepassing van oorskot sonder fase skeiding ân laer omgewingsimpak het as ân oorskot omgesit na kunsmis. Biogas wat gebruik is vir verhitting en kragopwekking het ân laer impak op die omgewingskategorieĂ« as biogas wat geskrop en gebottel is om mee te kook. Die impak van die basisgeval was hoĂ«r as die impak van ân anaĂ«robiese verteerder gekombineer met prosesse wat biogas en oorskot in hul rou toestand gebruik. Prosesse van verskillende scenarioâs is gemeng om ân optimale scenario te skep met selfs ân laer impak, maar scenario 4 se impak bly oor die algeheel die laagste. Deur koeimis in ân anaĂ«robiese verteerder te gebruik, sal die omgewingsimpak van ân koeistal aansienlik verbeter. Die toepassing van biogas en verwerking op die plaas hou finansiĂ«le voordele vir die boer in, terwyl die hele bedryf meer omgewingsvriendelik is
Cape Dutch Christendom and its legacy
CITATION: Nieder-Heitmann, J. 2012. Cape Dutch Christendom and its legacy. Dutch Reformed Theological Journal, 53:163-173, doi:10.5952/53-0-204.The original publication is available at https://ngtt.journals.ac.zaAs a general concept, Christendom (corpus Christianum) â and particularly the phenomenon of patronage â are useful tools to understand the relationship between churches and cultures, and between political and civil society. This is particularly true of Western churches, but also of former Western colonial possessions and churches within them. In Christendom, patronage is usually associated with privileges bestowed upon a church by the state (political society) â state control over church/es in its realm. However, civil society and a culture, too, can assume patronage over a church, threatening the latterâs integrity and prophetic witness. The colonial Cape (Dutch Reformed) Churchâs character was formed by powerful political patronage to the extent that it found it difficult to live and witness under the sole patronage of its crucified Lord. Ever since, it also continually sought to align itself with one or more of the above mentioned powers in South Africa.https://ngtt.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/204Publisher's versio
An analysis and evaluation of John S. Mbiti's theological evaluation of African traditional religions
Thesis (M. Th.) -- University of Stellenbosch, 1981.Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record
Techno-economic feasibility of a sunflower husk fast pyrolysis value chain for the production of advanced biofuels
Biofuels are required to reach the target set out by the European Commissionâs Transport mandate in the RED II (Renewable Energy Directive) for 2020 â 2030. To avoid indirect land use change, waste biomass resources such as sunflower husks can be used for advanced biofuel production. A process simulation and technoeconomic assessment of three fast pyrolysis plant scenarios were conducted. The nature of the waste feedstock has an effect on the value chain configuration, fast pyrolysis, and upgrading process design. Considering the difficulties with the transport and storage of biogenic waste due to low bulk density or hazardous and pathogenic content in case of transporting untreated sunflower husks, it is recommended to use a hub-and-spoke type of decentralized value chain configuration. The fast pyrolysis plants are located close to the feedstock, and the fast pyrolysis bio-oil (FPBO) is transported to a single upgrading facility, colocated at an existing refinery. The upgraded FPBO is then cofed into an FCC (fluidized catalyst cracker), where partially green biofuels such as gasoline and diesel are produced. For the fast pyrolysis process design, Scenario 2, treating 10 t/h of dry biomass with electricity and steam as coproducts, has the most favorable economic results with a total capital investment (TCI) of 78 million Euro and operating expenses (OPEX) of 6 million Euro