Study selection.

<p>Computerized search conducted on 11-11-11.</p

Outcomes by procedure.

<p>A) Normal resonance. B) Normal nasal emissions. C) Understandable. D) Hyponasal. E) OSA. F) Needing further surgery.</p

Study characteristics and outcome, sorted by surgical procedure.

<p>- : not reported; I: improvement; IVP: intravelar veloplasty; PF: pharyngeal flap; likely PF: pharyngoplasty not otherwise specified; SP: sphincter pharyngoplasty; ∧: include intermittent closure.</p

Outcomes by procedure. Mean percentage of patients ± standard deviation (number of studies, number of patients).

<p>IVP: intravelar veloplasty; PF: pharyngeal flap; SP: sphincter pharyngoplasty.</p

Muscle fiber type measurements for children with and without 22q11DS.

<p>Bands, means. Boxes, 25^th–75^th percentiles. Whiskers, 95% confidence intervals.</p

Mean diameters of type I (A) and type II (B) muscle fibers and age at surgery.

<p>Solid lines: males, dashed lines: females.</p

Quantitative analyses.

<p>Quantitative analyses.</p

Qualitative analyses.

<p>Qualitative analyses.</p

Group demographics.

<p>O: males, X: females.</p

Histological specimens with ATPase stain at pH 4.3.

<p>A, a 5-year-old female without 22q11DS but with increased perimysial and endomysial space. B, a 10-year-old male with 22q11DS and without increased perimysial and endomysial space. Bars 50 µm.</p