Sero-epidemiological studies using Ag-ELISA and/or EITB for human cysticercosis in Africa.

<p>Legend: YOP: Year of publication; Location: Corresponds to the Province, State, Region or Department in which the communities where the studies took place are located; Ag: Antigen detection based on Ag-ELISA results; Ab: Antibody detection based on EITB results; 95% CI: 95% Confidence Intervals; REMEP: Random Effects Model Estimated Prevalence; Dem. Rep. of Congo: Democratic Republic of Congo.</p><p>^a: Results obtained from B158/B60 Ag-ELISA</p><p>^b: Results obtained from HP10 Ag-ELISA.</p><p>Sero-epidemiological studies using Ag-ELISA and/or EITB for human cysticercosis in Africa.</p

Factors affecting serological variations of human cysticercosis infection and exposure to <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> eggs.

<p>Factors affecting serological variations of human cysticercosis infection and exposure to <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> eggs.</p

Sero-epidemiological studies using Ag-ELISA and/or EITB for human cysticercosis in Latin America.

<p>Legend: YOP: Year of publication; Location: Corresponds to the Province, State, Region or Department in which the communities are located where the studies took place; Ag: Antigen detection based on Ag-ELISA results; Ab: Antibody detection based on EITB results; 95% CI: 95% Confidence Intervals; REMEP: Random Effects Model Estimated Prevalence</p><p>^a: Results obtained from B158/B60 Ag-ELISA</p><p>^b: Results obtained from HP10 Ag-ELISA</p><p>N.A.: Not available.</p><p>Sero-epidemiological studies using Ag-ELISA and/or EITB for human cysticercosis in Latin America.</p

Flow diagram describing literature search and selection of studies (PRISMA 2009 flow chart).

<p>Flow diagram describing literature search and selection of studies (PRISMA 2009 flow chart).</p

Sero-epidemiological studies using Ag-ELISA and/or EITB for human cysticercosis in Asia.

<p>Legend: YOP: Year of publication; Location: Corresponds to the Province, State, Region or Department in which the communities are located where the studies took place; Ag: Antigen detection based on Ag-ELISA results; Ab: Antibody detection based on EITB results; 95% CI: 95% Confidence Intervals; REMEP: Random Effects Model Estimated Prevalence</p><p>^a: Results obtained from B158/B60 Ag-ELISA</p><p>Sero-epidemiological studies using Ag-ELISA and/or EITB for human cysticercosis in Asia.</p

Global distribution of the endemic countries where Ag-ELISA and/or EITB based epidemiological studies were held.

<p>Light yellow represents the countries confirmed as endemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) until 2012 [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003919#pntd.0003919.ref066" target="_blank">66</a>]. Circles represent the countries where Ag-ELISA based studies took place. Each color represents the average prevalence per country found from the selected articles in this review classified in 0 to 5 percent; 5 to 10 percent and more than 10 percent. Triangles represent the countries where EITB based studies took place. Each color represents the average prevalence per country found from the selected articles in this review classified in 0 to 5 percent; 5 to 10 percent and more than 10 percent.</p

Taeniasis reports from Africa, Latin America and Asia.

<p>Legend: FECT: Formalin-ether concentration technique; KATO: Kato-Katz technique; MSFT: Magnesium sulphate flotation technique; PCR-RFLP: Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Copro-Ag ELISA: Coproantigen ELISA; EITB: Enzyme-linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot; Dem. Rep. of Congo: Democratic Republic of Congo.</p><p>^a: Fecal samples were provided voluntarily from participants when not specified otherwise</p><p>*: One sided 97.5% confidence interval</p><p>**: Technique applied in fecal samples from seropositive subjects for <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> antibodies or circulating antigens</p><p>Coprology†: Technique not defined</p><p>Taeniasis reports from Africa, Latin America and Asia.</p

Seroconversion rates of human cysticercosis in function of sex for both circulating antigen and specific antibody analyses.

<p>P1 stands for period 1 (between Round 1 and Round 2, 6 months), P2 for period 2 (between Round 2 and 3, 6 months) and P3 for period 3 (between Round 1 and 3, 12 months). Ag-ELISA: detection of circulating cysticercus antigen in serum; EITB: detection of specific antibodies in serum.</p

Sero- antigen and antibody conversion and -reversion for the three periods.

<p>SC and SR stand for seroconversion and seroreversion, respectively. P1 stands for period 1 (between Round 1 and Round 2, 6 months), P2 for period 2 (Round 2–3, 6 months) and P3 for period 3 (Round 1–3, 12 months). Ag-ELISA: detection of circulating cysticercus antigen in serum; EITB: detection of specific antibodies in serum.</p

Infection/exposure status changes based on sero-antigen and sero-antibody analysis throughout the study period.

<p>R1, R2 and R3 stand for first, second and third rounds of sampling. N and P stand for negative and positive test result, respectively. Ag-ELISA: detection of circulating cysticercus antigen in serum. “No.” expresses the number of participants that presented the given statuses (e.g. N N N) during the follow up (e.g. 680 participants tested negative at all three sampling rounds, N N N); EITB: detection of specific antibodies in serum “No.” expresses the number of participants that presented the given statuses during the follow up (e.g. 72 participants of the 161 tested negative at all three sampling rounds, N N N. This number is independent of the Ag-ELISA result).</p