Nanoparticle-Based Magnetoelectric BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄ Thin Film Heterostructures for Voltage Control of Magnetism

Multiferroic composite materials combining ferroelectric and ferromagnetic order at room temperature have great potential for emerging applications such as four-state memories, magnetoelectric sensors, and microwave devices. In this paper, we report an effective and facile liquid phase deposition route to create multiferroic composite thin films involving the spin-coating of nanoparticle dispersions of BaTiO₃, a well-known ferroelectric, and CoFe₂O₄, a highly magnetostrictive material. This approach offers great flexibility in terms of accessible film configurations (co-dispersed as well as layered films), thicknesses (from 100 nm to several μm) and composition (5–50 wt % CoFe₂O₄ with respect to BaTiO₃) to address various potential applications. A detailed structural characterization proves that BaTiO₃ and CoFe₂O₄ remain phase-separated with clear interfaces on the nanoscale after heat treatment, while electrical and magnetic studies indicate the simultaneous presence of both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic order. Furthermore, coupling between these orders within the films is demonstrated with voltage control of the magnetism at ambient temperatures