Clinical features of the study population according to ethnicity and <i>PNPLA3</i> rs738409 genotype.

*<p> = log transformed and adjusted for age, gender, BMI, glucose tolerance. ** = Square root transformed and adjusted for age, gender, BMI, glucose tolerance. GT  =  glucose tolerance. NGT =  normal glucose tolerance, IGT =  impaired glucose tolerance, T2D  =  type 2 diabetes.</p

Interaction between <i>PNPLA3</i> rs738409 and n-6/n-3 PUFA in modulating ALT levels.

<p>The figure shows a different degree of regression between ALT (log10) and n-6/n-3 PUFA (log10) in the three genotypes. In the CC (Panel A) and CG (Panel B) group there was no association between ALT and n-6/n-3 PUFA (r2 = 0.0006, p = 0.91 and r2 = 0.015, p = 0.21 respectively). Only in the GG group (Panel C) there was a strong association between HFF% and n-6/n-3 PUFA (r2 =  0.40, p = 0.006).</p

Interaction between <i>PNPLA3</i> rs738409 and n-6/n-3 PUFA in modulating HFF%.

<p>The figure shows a different degree of regression between HFF% (square root) and n-6/n-3 PUFA (log10) in the three genotypes. In the CC (Panel A) and CG (Panel B) group there was no association between HFF% and n-6/n-3 PUFA (r2 = 0.0004, p = 0.86 and r2 = 0.018, p = 0.39, respectively). Only in the GG group (Panel C) there was a strong association between HFF% and n-6/n-3 PUFA (r2 =  0.45, p = 0.001).</p

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of obese patients subdivided by PNPLA3 I148M genotype.

<p>Values are expressed as means ± standard deviations. GLM analysis including gender, age and pubertal stage as covariates has been used to compare continuous variables. Abbreviations: BMI-SDS: Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Scores; W/Hr: Waist circumference to height ratio; HOMA: homeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance index; WBISI: whole body insulin sensitivity index; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; Gamma-GT: Gamma-Glutamyl transferase.</p><p>*WBISI was available in 497 patients.</p

Risk of pathologic ALT levels in 1048 obese children stratified in six categories according to fat abdominal size (W/Hr) and PNPLA3 genotype.

<p>ALT (alanine transaminase) values are expressed as means ± standard deviations. Logistic regression analysis has been used to calculate the Odds Ratios (OR) to have ALT>40 UI/L for each category of patients (from I to VI), compared to the entire cohort of children.</p

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the 1048 children involved in the study.

<p>Values are expressed as means ± standard deviations. Ranges are in brackets. Abbreviations: BMI-SDS: Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Scores; W/Hr: Waist circumference to height ratio; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance index; WBISI: whole body insulin sensitivity index; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; Gamma-GT: Gamma-Glutamyl transferase. * WBISI was available in 497 patients.</p

Association between ALT levels and W/Hr, HOMA and BMI-SDS according to the PNPLA3 genotype.

<p><b>A</b>: Regression analysis describing the relationship between ALT levels and W/Hr in patients homozygous for <i>PNPLA3</i> M variant, heterozygous, and homozygous for PNPLA3 I variant. The regression between ALT levels and W/Hr in the group of patients homozygous for <i>PNPLA3</i> M/M is described by the equation y = 4.6+2.4*× (r = 0.36; p = 0.00001). The equation for <i>PNPLA3</i> I/M was y = 3.7+1.4*× (r = 0.22; p = 0.00001). The equation for PNPLA3 I/I was y = 3.4+1.1*× (r = 0.17; p = 0.0005). The comparison between the three regression lines is significant (p = 0.0045). <b>B</b>: Regression analysis describing the relationship between ALT levels and HOMA-IR in patients homozygous for <i>PNPLA3</i> M variant, heterozygous, and homozygous for PNPLA3 I variant. The regression between ALT levels and HOMA-IR in the group of patients homozygous for <i>PNPLA3</i> M/M is described by the equation y = 3.2+0.14*× (r = 0.18; p = 0.02). The equation for <i>PNPLA3</i> I/M was y = 3.0+1.12*× (r = 0.16; p = 0.001). The equation for PNPLA3 I/I was y = 2.9+0.16*× (r = 0.23; p = 0.00005). The three equations are not significantly different as to slopes (p = 0.7). <b>C</b>: Regression analysis describing the relationship between ALT levels and BMI z-score in patients homozygous for <i>PNPLA3</i> M variant, heterozygous, and homozygous for PNPLA3 I variant. The regression between ALT levels and BMI z-score in the group of patients homozygous for <i>PNPLA3</i> M/M is described by the equation y = 3.1+0.24*× (r = 0.01; p = 0.13). The equation for <i>PNPLA3</i> I/M was y = 3.1+0.17*× (r = 0.08; p = 0.14). The equation for PNPLA3 I/I was y = 2.9+0.17*× (r = 0.09; p = 0.04). The three equations are not significantly different as to slopes (p = 0.5).</p