662 research outputs found

    Le goĂ»t sucrĂ©, de l’enfance
 Ă  la dĂ©pendance ?

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    Summary: Can one talk about addiction to sugar? Sugar is an important part of our diet, and an important source of pleasure, as of a young age. The definition of addiction involves that addictive substances act on the reward circuit, and lead to two symptoms, withdrawal and tolerance. Is it the case with sugar? According to the literature, brain activations in regions involved in the reward circuit are observed in response to “sugar”, and they differ according to the type of sugar (caloric carbohydrates, sweet or not; sweeteners). Besides, withdrawal and tolerance symptoms are not well characterized: food cravings often concern sweet foods, but there is a decrease with age of the preference/liking for intensely sweet products. There is no clear relationship between weight status and liking for sugar. As any food, sugar is necessary for life, but the evidence enabling to assimilate sugar consumption and addiction is weak.Sommaire : Peut-on parler de dĂ©pendance au sucre ? Le sucre est un composant majeur de notre rĂ©gime alimentaire et une source importante de plaisir et ce, dĂšs le plus jeune Ăąge. La dĂ©finition de l’addiction implique que les substances addictives agissent sur le circuit de la rĂ©compense et entraĂźnent deux symptĂŽmes, l’effet de manque et la tolĂ©rance. Est-ce le cas du sucre ? Au regard de la littĂ©rature, des activations cĂ©rĂ©brales au niveau des rĂ©gions impliquĂ©es dans le circuit de la rĂ©compense sont constatĂ©es en rĂ©ponse au « sucre », qui diffĂšrent selon le type de sucre (glucides caloriques sucrĂ©s ou non ; Ă©dulcorants). Par ailleurs, les effets de manque et de tolĂ©rance au sucre sont mal caractĂ©risĂ©s : si les envies compulsives alimentaires concernent frĂ©quemment des aliments sucrĂ©s, on observe avec l’ñge une diminution des prĂ©fĂ©rences pour les fortes intensitĂ©s sucrĂ©es. Enfin, il n’y a aucun lien clair entre statut pondĂ©ral et prĂ©fĂ©rence pour le sucre. Comme tout aliment, le sucre est nĂ©cessaire Ă  la vie, cependant, les preuves permettant d’assimiler consommation de sucre et addiction sont pour le moins faibles

    Développement précoce du comportement et des préférences alimentaires

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    Manger est essentiel pour la survie, et nous naissons Ă©quipĂ©s pour absorber des nutriments Ă  partir des apports alimentaires. Cependant, l'alimentation ne se rĂ©sume pas Ă  cet aspect. Quoi, comment, quand, combien manger sont autant de questions qui renvoient Ă  d'autres aspects du comportement alimentaire, auxquelles il nous faut rĂ©pondre quotidiennement. Ces autres aspects du comportement alimentaire sont appris, essentiellement durant les premiĂšres annĂ©es de vie [1]. Ainsi, nous avons montrĂ© que les comportements alimentaires acquis Ă  l'Ăąge de 2 Ă  3 ans Ă©taient prĂ©dictifs des mĂȘmes comportements observĂ©s chez le jeune adulte [2,3]. Pour cette raison, il est fondamental de savoir quand et comment s'acquiĂšrent les habitudes alimentaires favorables Ă  la santĂ©, dĂšs les premiĂšres annĂ©es de vie. Des Ă©vĂšnements trĂšs prĂ©coces peuvent ĂȘtre associĂ©s Ă  des variations du comportement alimentaire, comme une naissance prĂ©maturĂ©e et/ou un petit poids de naissance. (...

    Quand et comment se forment les préférences alimentaires chez l'enfant ? Résultats de l'étude OPALINE

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    Manger est essentiel pour la survie, et nous naissons bien Ă©quipĂ©s pour absorber des nutriments. Cependant, tous les autres aspects du comportement alimentaire sont appris, essentiellement durant les premiĂšres annĂ©es de vie [1]. De plus, les habitudes acquises pendant l'enfance contribueront en grande partie au dĂ©veloppement des habitudes alimentaires futures [2,3,4]. Ainsi, il est fondamental de comprendre quand et comment s'acquiĂšrent les habitudes alimentaires favorables Ă  la santĂ©. Cette prĂ©sentation soulignera certains facteurs qui favorisent ou modulent les prĂ©fĂ©rences alimentaires, comme l'allaitement au sein prĂ©alable, les expositions rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©es Ă  un aliment, l'introduction d'une variĂ©tĂ© d'aliments dĂšs le dĂ©but de la diversification, et les propriĂ©tĂ©s sensorielles des aliments [5]. Des Ă©vĂšnements trĂšs prĂ©coces peuvent ĂȘtre associĂ©s Ă  des variations du comportement alimentaire, comme une naissance prĂ©maturĂ©e et/ou un petit poids de naissance [6]. Les apprentissages en lien avec la flaveur des aliments (saveurs et arĂŽmes) peuvent avoir lieu dĂšs la grossesse et la lactation, Ă  travers l'exposition du fƓtus puis du nourrisson aux flaveurs des aliments ingĂ©rĂ©s par la mĂšre, qui sont susceptibles de parfumer le liquide amniotique et le lait. Les interactions parents-enfant en matiĂšre d'alimentation commencent Ă  prendre place durant la pĂ©riode d'alimentation lactĂ©e. Au-delĂ  de cette pĂ©riode de dĂ©couverte des arĂŽmes, la pĂ©riode la plus importante pour apprendre Ă  manger est probablement la transition entre l'alimentation lactĂ©e et l'alimentation « adulte », c'est-Ă -dire le dĂ©but de la diversification alimentaire. A cette pĂ©riode, les nourrissons commencent Ă  dĂ©couvrir les propriĂ©tĂ©s sensorielles (textures, saveurs, arĂŽmes) et nutritionnelles (valeur Ă©nergĂ©tique) des aliments qui composeront leur rĂ©gime d'adulte ; et les parents ont toujours la responsabilitĂ© de fournir des aliments, des horaires et un contexte appropriĂ©s. Les Ă©tudes portant sur les processus d'apprentissage alimentaire dĂšs les premiĂšres Ă©tapes de la diversification soulignent l'importance des expĂ©riences alimentaires dans le dĂ©veloppement des prĂ©fĂ©rences[7], et rĂ©vĂšlent une ouverture plus grande de l'enfant Ă  l'introduction d'une variĂ©tĂ© d'aliments pendant la 1Ăšre annĂ©e comparativement Ă  la 2Ăšme ou 3Ăšme annĂ©e [8]. Les pratiques parentales en matiĂšre d'alimentation (offre, style Ă©ducatif) sont susceptibles d'interfĂ©rer avec ces apprentissages. References 1. Schwartz C, Scholtens P, Lalanne A, et al. (2011) Development of healthy eating habits early in life: review of recent evidence and selected guidelines. Appetite. 57: 796-807. 2. Nicklaus S, Boggio V, Chabanet C, Issanchou S (2004) A prospective study of food preferences in childhood. Food Qual Pref. 15: 805-818. 3. Nicklaus S, Boggio V, Chabanet C, Issanchou S (2005) A prospective study of food variety seeking in childhood, adolescence and early adult life. Appetite. 44: 289-297. 4. Nicklaus S, Remy E (2013) Early Origins of Overeating: Tracking Between Early Food Habits and Later Eating Patterns. Current Obesity Reports: 1-6. 5. Nicklaus S (2011) Children's acceptance of new foods at weaning. Role of practices of weaning and of food sensory properties. Appetite. 57: 812-815. 6. Migraine A, Nicklaus S, Parnet P, et al. (2013) Effect of preterm birth and birth weight on eating behavior at 2 y of age. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2013 Apr 24. [Epub ahead of print]: 8 p. 7. Remy E, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Nicklaus S (2013) Repeated exposure to a simple vegetable purĂ©e is equally effective in increasing acceptance as flavor-flavor learning and more effective than flavor-nutrient learning in infants at complementary feeding. Journal of Nutrition. 143: 1194-1200. 8. Caton SJ, Blundell P, Ahern SM, et al. (2014) Learning to eat vegetables in early life: the role of timing, age and individual eating traits. Plos One. 9: e97609

    Comprendre le développement précoce du comportement et des préférences alimentaires chez les enfants

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    Les préférences alimentaires, comme beaucoup de comportements, s'apprennent, sous l'effet des expériences. Ayant étudié depuis plus de 15 ans les préférences alimentaires des enfants, je montrerai le fruit de nos recherches sous une forme ludique, en expliquant comment faire aimer les légumes aux enfants à partir des résultats obtenus dans le cadre de l'étude OPALINE (Observatoire des Préférences Alimentaires du Nourrisson et de l'Enfant). J'expliquerai l'importance des premiers apprentissages alimentaires lors de la grossesse et de l'allaitement, au travers des expositions aux arÎmes des aliments consommés par la mÚre, puis à partir de la diversification alimentaire, sous l'effet de l'exposition aux aliments. J'évoquerai aussi le rÎle joué par l'éducation parentale dans la formation des préférences. Au final, je dégagerai quelques conseils pour faire aimer les légumes aux enfants

    Salt content impacts food preferences and intake among children

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    This work was supported by a PhD grant from the Nutrition, Chemical Food Safety and Consumer Behavior Division of INRA (French National Institute for Agronomical Research, France) and the Regional Council of Burgundy (France) received by SB; and by a research grant (Gustolf) from Regional Council of Burgundy (France) received by SN. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Decreasing dietary sodium intake, which can be achieved by reducing salt content in food, is recommended. Salt contributes to the taste of foods and makes them more enjoyable. Whether a food is liked or disliked is an important determinant of food intake, especially among children. However, the role of salt in children's food acceptance has received little attention. The impact of salt content on children's hedonic rating and intake of two foods was investigated in children. Using a within-subject crossover design, we recruited 75 children (8–11 years) to participate in five lunches in their school cafeteria. The target foods were green beans and pasta. The added salt content was 0, 0.6 or 1.2 g/100 g. The children's intake (g) of all lunch items was measured. The children provided their hedonic rating of the food, a preference ranking and a saltiness ranking in the laboratory. Children could rank the foods according to salt content, and they preferred the two saltier options. A food-specific effect of salt content on intake was observed. Compared to the intermediate level (0.6 g salt/100 g), not adding salt decreased green bean intake (−21%; p = 0.002), and increasing the salt content increased pasta intake (+24%; p<0.0001). Structural Equation Modeling was used to model the relative weights of the determinants of intake. It showed that the primary driver of food intake was the child's hunger; the second most important factor was the child's hedonic rating of the food, regardless of its salt content, and the last factor was the child's preference for the particular salt content of the food. In conclusion, salt content has a positive and food-specific effect on intake; it impacted food preferences and intake differently in children. Taking into account children's preferences for salt instead of their intake may lead to excessive added salt

    HabEat: Understanding critical periods and critical factors of the formation and of the modification of food habits

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    Introduction: Diets of young children in many European countries are not ideal (too many lipids; not enough fruit and vegetables). Early nutrition may have an impact on health in later life (diabetes, obesity, heart problems) and the first two years of life are of crucial importance in the acquisition of food habits. The HabEat project aims at understanding better of how food habits are formed and can be changed, in infants and children (< 5 years). Methods: With 11 beneficiaries from 6 European countries, HabEat (2010-2013) is based on a multidisciplinary approach (epidemiology, nutrition, behavioural science, psychology and sensory science). On one hand, in order to identify critical periods and critical factors in the formation of food habits, the epidemiological approach is exploiting existing data from 4 cohorts (Eden, France; ALSPAC, UK; GenerationXXI, Portugal; EuroPrevall, Greece). On the other hand, the experimental approach is focusing on key learning mechanisms (in 6mo-3y children) and on new strategies for changing from poor to healthy habits (in 3-5y children). Results: All workpackages of the Habeat project are on-going. This research will increase understanding of the critical periods when food habits and eating patterns form and to support effective intervention strategies for habit-breaking and behavioural change directed towards making healthier food choices. Conclusion: By 2013, the results from HabEat should lead to recommendations in parental practices for feeding infants and children, of particular use to early childhood professionals, paediatricians and politicy makers responsible for drafting feeding guidelines and also to the baby food industry

    Preferences for fat and basic tastes in 3-, 6- and 12-month-old infants

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    Fat perception received recent interest, but fat preference in human infants is a matter of debate. The objective here was to investigate fat and taste preferences in the same infants (N= 66) at 3, 6 and 12 months. Preference for a fat solution (sunflower and rapeseed oils mixed with soy lecithin) and for taste solutions (sweet, lactose; salty, NaCl; bitter, urea; sour, citric acid; umami, sodium glutamate) was evaluated. The same method was applied at each age. Mothers and their infant participated in 2 videotaped sessions, during which the 5 taste and fat solutions were assessed in a balanced order. For each taste, 4 bottles (water, tastant, tastant and water) were presented by the experimenter.Twoglobal indices were calculated to represent acceptance of the tastant relatively to water (W), based on ingested volumes and on facial expressions. At 3 and 6 mo, the fat solution was as consumed as W; but less than W at 12 mo; at all ages it elicited ‘negative’ expressions. For taste solutions, at 3 mo the sweet solution was more and the bitter one wasless consumed thanW;the bitter and the sour solutions elicited ‘negative’ expressions. At 6 and 12 mo, the sweet and salty solutions were more consumed than W and elicited ‘positive’ expressions; the bitter and sour solutions elicited negative expressions. Infants were indifferent to the umami solution. These findings are in accordance with the literature on taste preference but the indifference or rejection of the fat solution raise questions about an ‘innate’ preference for fat. The olfactory component of fat might be involved in this rejection

    The effect of shape and cooking duration on preference and consumption of carrots in preadolescent children

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    Background and objectives : Vegetables are one of the most difficult categories of food to introduce in children’s diet (Cooke & Wardle, 2005) and children’s low consumption of vegetables is pointed as a major source of public health concern in many developed countries. A better understanding of children sensory preferences could help to improve children’s vegetables acceptance

    Identification of three dietary groups in French university students and their associations with nutritional quality and environmental impact

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    IntroductionThe student period is associated with changes in eating habits, usually leading to diets of lower nutritional quality. However, some variability may exist in students’ dietary patterns. We aimed to describe French students’ diets and identify dietary groups that may vary in nutritional quality and environmental impact.MethodsA representative sample of French students (N = 582) for age, sex and scholarship status completed an online 125-item food frequency questionnaire. The nutritional quality of diets was assessed by a score of adherence to the French nutritional guidelines (sPNNS-GS2 score, ranging from−17 to 11.5) and its environmental impact by greenhouse gas emissions for an isocaloric diet (GHGE). An ascending hierarchical classification analysis on food and beverage intakes led to three dietary groups. Between-group differences in food consumption, dietary indicators and sociodemographic characteristics were investigated using ANOVA models.ResultsThe average sPNNS-GS2 score of students’ diets was −0.8 ± 2.8, representing a 57% coverage of French nutritional recommendations, and GHGE were 5.4 ± 1.7 kg eCO2/2000 kcal. The three dietary groups were: a healthy diet group (20% of the sample) with the highest nutritional quality and high GHGE, which included older students with a higher level of physical activity; a Western diet group (40%) with the worst nutritional quality and high GHGE, which included more students who lived with their parents; and a frugal diet group (40%) with the lowest energy intake, intermediate nutritional quality, and low GHGE, which included more students who lived alone.ConclusionNone of the dietary groups optimized both nutritional quality and environmental impact simultaneously, which suggests an apparent incompatibility in the student population between these two sustainability dimensions. These findings emphasize the need for tailored public health policies that acknowledge the diversity of student eating patterns and address specific individual barriers to healthy and sustainable diets

    CaractĂ©riser les troubles du comportement alimentaire de l’enfant atteint de dysoralitĂ©

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    Introduction et objectif : DiffĂ©rentes pathologies (mĂ©taboliques, neurologiques, prĂ©maturitĂ©) peuvent nĂ©cessiter le recours Ă  une alimentation artificielle dans les premiers mois de vie. L’absence d’alimentation par voie orale lors de cette pĂ©riode essentielle de la formation du comportement alimentaire, surtout lorsqu’elle est associĂ©e Ă  un traitement invasif (i.e. sonde naso-gastrique), peut s’accompagner de consĂ©quences Ă  long terme sur le comportement alimentaire. L’objectif est de dĂ©velopper un questionnaire Ă©valuant le comportement, les prĂ©fĂ©rences et les habitudes alimentaires d’enfants atteints de dysoralitĂ© (TO), en comparaison avec des enfants sains (STO). MĂ©thode : L’inclusion des TO s’est dĂ©roulĂ©e dans diffĂ©rents hĂŽpitaux (Lyon, Paris et Lille) selon les critĂšres suivants : Ăąge de 2 Ă  8 ans, recours Ă  une alimentation artificielle pendant les 2 premiĂšres annĂ©es de vie pendant au moins 2 mois, alimentation artificielle actuelle >50% des apports caloriques accompagnĂ©e d’une alimentation orale, Des STO de mĂȘme Ăąge, sans pathologie et n’ayant jamais eu recours Ă  une alimentation artificielle ont Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©s Ă  Paris et Ă  Lyon. Des entretiens ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s avec les parents (N=8) de TO et avec des psychologues et des orthophonistes pour spĂ©cifier les thĂšmes d’intĂ©rĂȘt. Ils ont permis d’élaborer 2 questionnaires : un comportant 97 questions portant sur le comportement alimentaire (Ă©chelle Ă  5 points) et un questionnaire de frĂ©quence de consommation (6 catĂ©gories) et de prĂ©fĂ©rence (Ă©chelle en 4 points), appliquĂ© Ă  148 aliments regroupĂ©s en 13 catĂ©gories. Ces questionnaires ont Ă©tĂ© approuvĂ©s par le CCTIRS. Les rĂ©ponses des TO et STO ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©es par des t-tests (P<0,05) et une analyse en composante principale (ACP) a permis d’évaluer la structure du questionnaire RĂ©sultats : Pour les 2 groupes (TO, N=59, 4,9±2,4 ans ; STO, N=101, 5,2±1,8 ans) des diffĂ©rences significatives ont Ă©tĂ© montrĂ©es pour 67 questions sur 97. Une ACP a portĂ© sur 78 questions : l’axe 1 oppose clairement TO et STO. Les questions ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© regroupĂ©es en diffĂ©rentes dimensions : difficultĂ© pour manger, sensibilitĂ© tactile orale, appĂ©tit, intĂ©rĂȘt pour la nourriture, autonomie, sĂ©lectivitĂ©, sensibilitĂ© Ă  la texture, apprĂ©ciation du goĂ»t sucrĂ©, sensibilitĂ© Ă  la tempĂ©rature. Pour toutes ces dimensions les diffĂ©rences entre TO et STO Ă©taient importantes (P<0,0001). Pour toutes les catĂ©gories d’aliments, les frĂ©quences de consommation et le nombre d’aliments consommĂ©s sont infĂ©rieurs pour les TO que pour les STO. Les TO apprĂ©cient moins toutes les catĂ©gories d’aliments Ă  l’exception des lĂ©gumes, des Ɠufs-abats-charcuterie, des fromages, des condiments-Ă©pices-sauces et des boissons. Conclusion : Ces questionnaires sont utiles Ă  la caractĂ©risation des troubles de l’oralitĂ© des enfants TO. Leur utilisation pourrait permettre de mieux comprendre les consĂ©quences des diffĂ©rents modes d’alimentation artificielle et guider la rĂ©Ă©ducation alimentaire en fonction des prĂ©fĂ©rences. FinancĂ© par l’ANR projet ALIA-ORALISENS
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