Education Inequality: an Examination of the Political and Economic Factors Associated with Educational Disparities Around the World

Education is broadly recognized as a human right and is critical to the achievement of other individual and social goods. Yet despite widespread recognition of the importance of education, access is still very uneven. In some countries, education is available to all on a fairly equal basis, while in others, only the elite are educated. What explains this variation? While much attention has been paid to income inequality, education inequality is less understood. Drawing from theories on human capital and income inequality, I hypothesize that education inequality is shaped by the forces of modernization, globalization, and democratization. I construct a new measure of education inequality and test my hypotheses using time-series cross-national data. I also analyze the case of Mexico, using original survey data. Finally, I look at disparities in quality of education. I find that the relationship between modernization, democratization, globalization, and education inequality is complex. Globalization is only related to declining education inequality for labor abundant countries. For capital abundant countries, globalization is associated with increased education inequality. This extends the classic Heckscher-Ohlin model beyond the realm of income. These findings support the argument that trade should be beneficial to developing countries, which are often labor abundant, but also lend fuel to trade critics, by showing that trade may sometimes exacerbate inequality. Democratization is not found to have a consistent relationship with education inequality. Instead, what matters is whether the regime depends on the poor for political support. Contrary to earlier work that has been almost universally optimistic about the positive effects of democracy for both education and equality, the findings point to the need to examine whether democracies are set up to represent the needs of the poor and disadvantaged or are simply another tool used by elites to further their own interests. Finally, while inequality in years of education is declining, disparities in quality of education have been increasing. Counter to the expectations of modernization theory, which predicts that broader access to education will follow naturally as part of modernization, this suggests that elites are finding ways to reassert hierarchical social structures and perpetuate inequality

Benefit Sharing Among Local Resource Users: The Role of Property Rights ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Extreme inequalities within resource user groups pose a threat to sustainability Ethnically diverse groups experience more unequal sharing of forest harvests Under certain conditions, groups with property rights share harvests more equally Ignoring existing intragroup heterogeneities, REDD+ may deepen income inequalities 4 ABSTRACT Skewed distributions of benefits from natural resources can fuel social exclusion and conflict, threatening sustainability. This paper analyzes how user-group property rights to harvest forest products affect the distribution of benefits from those products within user groups. We argue that groups with recognized harvesting rights share benefits more equally among group members than groups without such rights. We test this argument with data from 350 forest user groups in 14 developing countries. Our results suggest that securing harvesting rights for local user groups can contribute to more equal benefit sharing, especially in ethnically homogenous groups

Benefit sharing under the REDD+ mechanism: Implications for women

This chapter examines benefit-sharing under the REDD+ mechanism, focusing upon implications for women. In particular it will focus upon the competing motivations and constrains that are at play amongst the different networks and stakeholders involved (environmental, developmental, government, community and international institutions) and how these may manifest themselves in decisions about benefit sharing claims. It also examines the complex intertwining of property and participation rights women and the importance of ensuring gender equality in REDD+ instruments