Structure and Composition of Molecular Clouds with CN Zeeman Detections I: W3OH

We have carried out a multi-species study of a region which has had previous measurements of strong magnetic fields through the CN Zeeman effect in order to to explore the relationship between CN and N$_2$H$^+$, both of which have evidence that they remain in the gas phase at densities of 10$^5$ - 10$^6$ cm$^{-3}$. To achieve this we map the 1 arcmin$^2$ region around the UCHII region of W3(OH) using the Combined Array for Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA). Approximately 105 hours of data were collected in multiple array configurations to produce maps with an effective resolution of $\sim$ 2.5\arcsec at high signal-to-noise in CN, C$^{18}$O, HCN, HCO$^+$, N$_2$H$^+$, and two continuum bands (91.2 GHz and 112 GHz). These data allow us to compare tracer molecules associated with both low and high density regions to infer gas properties. We determine that CARMA resolves out approximately 35% of the CN emission around W3(OH) when compared with spectra obtained from the IRAM-30 meter telescope. The presence of strong absorption lines towards the continuum source in three of the molecular transitions infers the presence of a cold, dark, optically thick region in front of the continuum source. In addition, the presence of high-velocity emission lines near the continuum source shows the presence of hot clumpy emission behind the continuum source. These data determine that future high-resolution interferometric CN Zeeman measurements which cannot currently be performed (due to technical limitations of current telescopes) are feasible. We confirm that CN is indeed a good tracer for high density regions; with certain objects such as W3(OH) it appears to be a more accurate tracer than N$_2$H$^+$.Comment: 33 pages, 16 figures. Accepted by Ap

The design, implementation, and assessment of software for use in the teaching of history

(1) In recent years nine arts-related departments at Glasgow University have been successful in winning funds for the creation of large databases. Although these data are being extensively exploited for research, the great potential they offer for undergraduate teaching remains largely untapped due to the lack of suitably tailored software and hardware provision. (2) Our objective is to give arts-based students access to these complex highly structured data in the classroom without requiring them to master difficult operating systems. In this way they would gain valuable transferable skills in information technology. These will enhance the historians' traditional skills of evaluating, interpreting and presenting evidence, long recognized as useful by employers. (3) The scheme will require the establishment of a centrally sited teaching laboratory comprising sixteen micro-computers and fileserver linked to the mainframe through a communications PAD. Chosen to ensure a maximum degree of compatability, the micro-computers (with the appropriate operating system) will be capable of acting as terminals, as a local area network or as single workstations. A facility technician will be employed to supervise the lab's day-to-day running, leaving a programmer/analyst to concentrate exclusively on applying and developing software for the three designated courses. (4) The software will enable students to access and scan files with ease and submit complex search, correlative, and quantitative requests by means of a friendly user interface. It will be possible to generate output in alphanumeric and graphic format either online or in hard copy. Throughout, priority will be given to transferability and portability, particularly in relation to the complementary project at the University of Edinburgh. (5) The project will be directed by Dr. R.H. Trainor consulting with a committee representing the participants - the departments of Modern History, Scottish History and Economic History, the University Archives, the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine - and the Computing Service. The latter will provide overall technical supervision. The department of Computing Science will co-operate in formulating an academic staff development programme. With the help of the University adviser on teaching methods the designated courses will be closely monitored in order to assess the value of the particular software, hardware and teaching methods in the project

The Mass Function of Super Giant Molecular Complexes and Implications for Forming Young Massive Star Clusters in the Antennae (NGC 4038/39)

We have used previously published observations of the CO emission from the Antennae (NGC 4038/39) to study the detailed properties of the super giant molecular complexes with the goal of understanding the formation of young massive star clusters. Over a mass range from 5E6 to 9E8 solar masses, the molecular complexes follow a power-law mass function with a slope of -1.4 +/- 0.1, which is very similar to the slope seen at lower masses in molecular clouds and cloud cores in the Galaxy. Compared to the spiral galaxy M51, which has a similar surface density and total mass of molecular gas, the Antennae contain clouds that are an order of magnitude more massive. Many of the youngest star clusters lie in the gas-rich overlap region, where extinctions as high as Av~100 imply that the clusters must lie in front of the gas. Combining data on the young clusters, thermal and nonthermal radio sources, and the molecular gas suggests that young massive clusters could have formed at a constant rate in the Antennae over the last 160 Myr and that sufficient gas exists to sustain this cluster formation rate well into the future. However, this conclusion requires that a very high fraction of the massive clusters that form initially in the Antennae do not survive as long as 100 Myr. Finally, we compare our data with two models for massive star cluster formation and conclude that the model where young massive star clusters form from dense cores within the observed super giant molecular complexes is most consistent with our current understanding of this merging system. (abbreviated)Comment: 40 pages, four figures; accepted for publication in Ap

Recurrence of intestinal metaplasia and early neoplasia after endoscopic eradication therapy for Barrett’s esophagus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Conflicting data exist with regard to recurrence rates of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia after achieving complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) patients. Aim (i) To determine the incidence of recurrent IM and dysplasia achieving CE-IM and (ii) to compare recurrence rates between treatment modalities [radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with or without endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) vs stepwise complete EMR (SRER)]. Methods A systematic search was performed for studies reporting on outcomes and estimates of recurrence rates after achieving CE-IM. Pooled incidence [per 100-patient-years (PY)] and risk ratios with 95 %CI were obtained. Heterogeneity was measured using the I 2 statistic. Subgroup analyses, decided a priori, were performed to explore heterogeneity in results. Results A total of 39 studies were identified (25-RFA, 13-SRER, and 2 combined). The pooled incidence of any recurrence was 7.5 (95 %CI 6.1 – 9.0)/100 PY with a pooled incidence of IM recurrence rate of 4.8 (95 %CI 3.8 – 5.9)/100 PY, and dysplasia recurrence rate of 2.0 (95 %CI 1.5 – 2.5)/100 PY. Compared to the SRER group, the RFA group had significantly higher overall [8.6 (6.7 – 10.5)/100 PY vs. 5.1 (3.1 – 7)/100 PY, P = 0.01] and IM recurrence rates [5.8 (4.3 – 7.3)/100 PY vs. 3.1 (1.7 – 4)/100 PY, P &lt; 0.01] with no difference in recurrence rates of dysplasia. Significant heterogeneity between studies was identified. The majority of recurrences were amenable to repeat endoscopic eradication therapy (EET). Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that the incidence rates of overall, IM, and dysplasia recurrence rates post-EET are not inconsiderable and reinforce the importance of close surveillance after achieving CE-IM.</jats:p

KOMPETENSI DI DUNIA REALITAS SETELAH LULUS SMA

Considering that teenagers in the future will be the next generation, the future must be approved. Tri Dharma of higher education related to Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM), which refers to the responsibilities of teachers including transferring, transforming, and using knowledge from within the campus for the community. Based on this, Bunda Mulia University conducted PKM activities by raising the topic " Kompetensi di Dunia Realitas setelah Lulus SMA". The participation of the study participants was adjusted to the topic Tunas Indonesia School students. The method used in this PKM is an ice breaking session, sharing of material, role playing as a practical tool for participants as well as question and answer sessions so that two-way communication can be used. In summary, life goals, self-development, the importance of soft skills in achieving our goals, and success in the world of work. Each session is twenty minutes long. In the future, the activity of PKM is expected to be held again, of course with more diverse topics and bring benefits. Keywords: competence, graduated high school, PKM, life goals

Tropical coastal fish

Climate change will affect populations and communities of marine fishes in many ways, ranging from indirect effects associated with habitat degradation and altered resource availability to direct effects of rapidly changing environmental conditions. In the short-term (up to 2030), the impact of climate change on Australia’s tropical coastal and demersal fishes is largely tied to the fate of critical benthic habitats, especially for coral reef environments, which are highly vulnerable to elevated temperature and ocean acidification. There is good evidence and high consensus that climate-induced coral bleaching affects the community structure and abundance of reef-associated fishes, especially when it leads to the structural collapse of reef habitat. In the longer-term (after 2030), sea level rise and altered rainfall patterns will also significantly alter coastal wetlands that are important nursery areas for estuarine and nearshore species. In addition to the effects of habitat degradation, warmer ocean temperatures will cause distributional shifts in some tropical fishes, increasing the geographic ranges of some species and decreasing the ranges of others, including some commercially important species. Life history traits and population dynamics will be affected by warmer temperatures, with potential implications for fisheries yields. Altered oceanic circulation and ocean acidification could have very significant effects on populations and communities of coastal fishes. However, these impacts are still poorly understood and are likely to become most apparent in the longer term. There are a many critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of the effect of climate change on tropical marine fish, including the impact of warmer temperatures on adult reproduction, and the development, survival and behaviour of larvae; the effect of ocean acidification on the development, survival and behaviour; and the degree to which fish will acclimate or adapt to the expected rapid climate change. Non-reefal environments and commercially important species are especially understudied in relation to climate change impacts. Key strategies in mitigating effects of climate change on coastal marine fishes are to maintain and restore habitat quality, incorporate climate uncertainty into fisheries management plans, and limit impacts of other human activities in coastal regions

Tropical coastal fish

[Extract] Climate change is expected to affect populations and communities of tropical marine fishes in many ways, ranging from indirect effects associated with habitat degradation and altered resource availability to direct effects of rapidly changing environmental conditions. In the short-term (up to 2030), the projected impact of climate change on Australia's tropical coastal and demersal fishes is largely tied to the fate of critical benthic habitats, especially for coral reef environments, which are highly vulnerable to elevated temperature, ocean acidification and more intense storms. There is good evidence and strong consensus that climate-induced coral bleaching affects the community structure and abundance of reef-associated fishes, especially when it leads to the structural collapse of reef habitat. In the longer-term (after 2030), sea level rise and altered rainfall patterns are expected to also significantly alter coastal wetlands that are important nursery areas for estuarine and nearshore species. In addition to the effects of habitat degradation, warmer ocean temperatures are projected to cause distributional shifts in some tropical fishes, increasing the geographic ranges of some species and decreasing the ranges of others, including some commercially important species. Life history traits and population dynamics will be affected by warmer temperatures, with potential implications for fisheries yields. Altered oceanic circulation and ocean acidification could also have very significant effects on populations and communities of coastal fishes in the longer term. There are a many critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of the effect of climate change on tropical marine fish, including how predicted effects on individuals and populations will scale-up to influence community structure and function, and the degree to which fish will acclimate or adapt to the expected rapid climate change. Non-reefal environments and commercially important species are especially understudied in relation to climate change impacts. Key strategies in mitigating effects of climate change on coastal marine fishes are to maintain and restore habitat quality, incorporate climate uncertainty into fisheries management plans, and limit impacts of other human activities likely to reduce the sustainability of fish populations