REMI approach performed on a human breast tissue specimen stained with a 5-flavor NP mixture (EGFR-, HER2-, CD24-, CD44-, and isotype-NPs, 150 pM/flavor).

<p>(<b>A</b>) Ratiometric images of a human breast tissue specimen. From top to bottom, the rows display ratiometric images of EGFR/isotype-NP, HER2/isotype-NP, CD24/isotype-NP and CD44/isotype-NP. From left to right, the columns display ratiometric images obtained with a decreasing number of spectral channels. (<b>B</b>) A photograph of the tissue specimen. (<b>C</b>) H&E histology of the specimen, with higher magnification views of fat (left), normal breast tissue (middle), and tumor (right). Unlabeled scale bars represent 200 μm. (<b>D</b>) Average error (%) in the measured NP ratios when using spectral compression in comparison to the gold-standard images (full 1024 spectral channels). The error bars represent the standard deviation amongst all pixels in the image.</p

REMI approach performed on an A431 tumor xenograft (EGFR++, HER2+) stained with a 5-flavor NP mixture (EGFR-, HER2-, Control-S481-, Control-S493-, and isotype-NPs, 150 pM/flavor).

<p>(<b>A</b>) Ratiometric images of the tumor xenograft. From top to bottom, each row shows the ratio of EGFR/isotype-NP, HER2/isotype-NP, unconjugated-S481/isotype-NP, and unconjugated-S493/isotype-NP, respectively. From left to right, each column shows the ratiometric image obtained with a decreasing number of spectral channels. (<b>B</b>) A photograph of the A431 tumor xenograft. (<b>C</b>) H&E-stained pathology section of the tumor xenograft. (<b>D</b>) Average error (%) in the measured NP ratios when using spectral compression in comparison with the gold-standard images (full 1024 channels). Error bars represent the standard deviation amongst all pixels in the image.</p

(A) The REMI system and (B) the channel-compression strategy.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic of the spectral-imaging system. A 785-nm laser is used to illuminate the NP-stained tissue, creating a 1 mm-diameter laser spot. Raman-scattered photons from illuminated NPs are collected by 27 multimode fibers and transmitted to a customized spectrometer, where they are dispersed onto a cooled deep-depletion spectroscopic CCD. (<b>B</b>) The camera is used in full-vertical binning (FVB) mode, in which the signal from all 27 collection fibers are binned together by the camera, with 1024 pixels (spectral channels) used to resolve the grating-dispersed wavelength axis. In this study, the 1024-channel data set is further binned along the wavelength axis (horizontal binning) to examine the effects of spectral compression.</p

Varying R² and P_SNP cutoffs for the ADRA1 Pathway.

<p>Varying R² and P_SNP cutoffs for the ADRA1 Pathway.</p

Line graphs representing the ADRA1 pathway genetic risk model for DBP, SBP, and hypertension (HTN).

<p>The risk score was divided into quintiles, with the reference category being the lowest risk score quintile. * P<0.05. ** P<0.005. ***P<0.0001.</p

Pathway Association Results.

*<p>p-value is significant after correction for multiple testing.</p>†<p>ADRA1, -receptors is the same pathway as ADRA1, with the ADRA1 receptor genes removed from the model.</p><p>Adjustment was made for sex, age, age² and BMI for all models.</p

Descriptive characteristics of phenotypes among study participants.

<p>Values are expressed as mean±SD.</p

ADRA1 pathway associated genes. Gene names are in italics.

<p>Regulators are in circles. TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; DDC, dopa decarboxylase; DBH, dopamine beta hydroxylase; PNMT, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; ADRA1A, ADRA1B, ADRA1D, adrenergic alpha 1 receptors; GNAQ, guanine nucleotide binding protein, Q; GNA11, guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha 11; PLCB3, phospholipase C, beta 3; ITPR1, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor, type 1; POMC, proopiomelanocortin; COMT, catechol-o-methyltransferase; MAO, monoamine oxidase; RGS 2,4,5, regulator of g-protein signaling.</p