The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of clinical features significantly associated with RSV associated pneumonia.

<p>The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of clinical features significantly associated with RSV associated pneumonia.</p

Description of infants with a first episode of RSV associated pneumonia, by age group.

<p>Description of infants with a first episode of RSV associated pneumonia, by age group.</p

Effect of previous carriage on reacquisition and carriage duration of common pneumococcal serotypes, controlling for age and carriage of heterologous serotypes (comparing first episodes of serotype carriage, not necessarily the infant's first ever carriage episode, with subsequent episodes of carriage of the same serotype).

a<p>Cox proportional hazards model.</p>b<p>Time from clearance of a serotype to subsequent reacquisition.</p>c<p>Parametric survival model (Weibull distribution).</p

Pneumococcal serotypes most commonly carried in infants and their mothers (ranked by overall isolation frequency).

a<p>OR for the serotype being carried at any time point (adjusted for number of swabs collected per individual; all <i>P</i><.05).</p>b<p>Excluding non-typeable (NT) pneumococci.</p

Analysis of clinical signs for associations with RSV infection.

<p>Analysis of clinical signs for associations with RSV infection.</p

RSV associated pneumonia cases by season and severity.

<p>The mean age of the cohort (dashed line) and the mean monthly rainfall (grey shaded area) are highlighted.</p

Observed and modeled age at first pneumococcal acquisition in the cohort of infants.

<p>Observed and modeled age at first pneumococcal acquisition in the cohort of infants.</p

Increasing Incidence of Hospital-Acquired and Healthcare-Associated Bacteremia in Northeast Thailand: A Multicenter Surveillance Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Little is known about the epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections in public hospitals in developing countries. We evaluated trends in incidence of hospital-acquired bacteremia (HAB) and healthcare-associated bacteremia (HCAB) and associated mortality in a developing country using routinely available databases.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Information from the microbiology and hospital databases of 10 provincial hospitals in northeast Thailand was linked with the national death registry for 2004–2010. Bacteremia was considered hospital-acquired if detected after the first two days of hospital admission, and healthcare-associated if detected within two days of hospital admission with a prior inpatient episode in the preceding 30 days.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 3,424 patients out of 1,069,443 at risk developed HAB and 2,184 out of 119,286 at risk had HCAB. Of these 1,559 (45.5%) and 913 (41.8%) died within 30 days, respectively. Between 2004 and 2010, the incidence rate of HAB increased from 0.6 to 0.8 per 1,000 patient-days at risk (p<0.001), and the cumulative incidence of HCAB increased from 1.2 to 2.0 per 100 readmissions (p<0.001). The most common causes of HAB were <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. (16.2%), <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (13.9%), and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (13.9%), while those of HCAB were <i>Escherichia coli</i> (26.3%), <i>S. aureus</i> (14.0%), and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (9.7%). There was an overall increase over time in the proportions of ESBL<i>-</i>producing <i>E. coli</i> causing HAB and HCAB.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This study demonstrates a high and increasing incidence of HAB and HCAB in provincial hospitals in northeast Thailand, increasing proportions of ESBL-producing isolates, and very high associated mortality.</p></div

Age- and gender- specific incidence rates of hospital-acquired bacteremia (HAB) between 2004 and 2010 in northeast Thailand.

<p>Age- and gender- specific incidence rates of hospital-acquired bacteremia (HAB) between 2004 and 2010 in northeast Thailand.</p

Breakdown of radiological diagnosis by clinical disease and WHO age categories.

<p>Breakdown of radiological diagnosis by clinical disease and WHO age categories.</p