Age distribution of patient presentations to hospital by malaria status (top) and <i>Plasmodium</i> species (bottom).

<p>Age distribution of patient presentations to hospital by malaria status (top) and <i>Plasmodium</i> species (bottom).</p

Adjusted population attributable fractions of severe anemia (hemoglobin <5 g/dl) by <i>Plasmodium</i> species and age.

<p>Figure generated by multiple logistic regression analyses with the following covariables for each age stratum: <i>Plasmodium</i> species, sex, ethnic group, and year. Bands represent 95% CIs.</p

Univariable and multivariable analyses of the risk factors for death (<i>n</i> = 219,845).

<p>^a Included in model for calculation of overall PAFs but PAFs not presented.</p><p>^b Number of previous presentations not included in the multivariable model as this would potentially obscure the net clinical severity of <i>Plasmodium</i> infection.</p><p>OR odds ratio.</p

Distribution of clinical and laboratory data plus hematological status by clinical and demographic group.

<p><i>p</i>-Values based on univariable linear regression with correction of the variance-covariance matrix for within patient correlation.</p><p>OP, outpatient; IP, inpatient; hb, hemoglobin; Ref, reference category.</p

Estimated mean hemoglobin concentration in hospital attendees by ethnicity from infancy to adulthood (A) and during the first 2 years of life (B).

<p>Figures generated by multiple fractional polynomial regression analyses with the following covariables: ethnic group by age, <i>Plasmodium</i> species, sex, and year. Bands represent 95% CIs.</p

Univariable and multivariable analyses of the risk factors for admission to hospital from the outpatient department (<i>n</i> = 156,429).

<p>^a Included in model for calculation of overall PAFs but PAFs not presented.</p><p>^b Number of previous presentations not included in the multivariable model as this would potentially obscure the net clinical severity of <i>Plasmodium</i> infection.</p><p>OR, odds ratio.</p

Estimated mean hemoglobin in hospital attendees by number of malaria episodes in the last 63 days from infancy to adulthood (A) and during the first 2 years of life (B).

<p>189,671 patients had no recent episodes of malaria, 30,174 had one episode, and 4,572 had two or more episodes. Figures were generated by multiple fractional polynomial regression analysis with the following covariables: number of previous malaria episodes by age, <i>Plasmodium</i> species, ethnic group, sex, and year. Bands represent 95% CIs.</p

Risk factors for severe anemia (hemoglobin <5 g/dl).

<p>^a Included in model for calculation of overall PAFs but PAFs not presented.</p><p>^b Not included in the multivariable model as admission was deemed to be a consequence of severe disease rather than a confounder.</p><p>^c Number of previous presentations not included in the multivariable model as this would potentially obscure the net hematological effect of <i>Plasmodium</i> infection.</p><p>OR, odds ratio.</p

Estimated probability of mortality by hemoglobin concentration overall (A) and by <i>Plasmodium</i> species (B).

<p>Figures generated by multiple fractional polynomial regression analyses with the following covariables: <i>Plasmodium</i> species, hemoglobin, age, sex, ethnic group, and year. Bands represent 95% CIs. Risk of death in <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001575#pmed-1001575-g006" target="_blank">Figure 6A</a> = 1/(1+exp(−(−1.44−0.4146 * hb+0.0006 * hb³))), where the other covariates in the model are set equal to their mean value (for continuous variables) or prevalence (for indicator variables).</p

Univariable and multivariable analyses of the risk factors for presentation with malaria in the previous 2 months (<i>n</i> = 219,845).

<p>^a Included in model for calculation of overall PAFs but PAFs not presented.</p><p>^b Not included in the multivariable model as deemed to be a consequence of severe disease rather than a confounder.</p><p>OR, odds ratio.</p