Initial Smoking Experimentation Rates.

<p>Rates of smoking experimentation from 1980 to 2003, ages 12–24. Blue colors indicate low rates; red colors indicate high rates. Temporal trends are shown when the color changes along vertical lines through the graphs. (A) Males and females combined. (B) Males only (C) Females only.</p

Evidence of Impact of decreased taxation on rates of initial smoking experimentation and onset of daily smoking.

<p>*Tests the contrast that the estimated rates for the years 1993 through 1998 differs from 1990 (the reference year).</p>†<p>Tests the contrast that the estimated rate for the years 1993 through 1998 is the same in each year and that this common estimate differs from 1990 (the reference year).</p>¶<p>Tests the hypothesis that the annual rates between 1993 and 1998 differ from the estimate common value (the difference between the previous two chi-square values).</p

Relative risk of Initial Experimentation with Smoking.

<p>Relative risk of initial smoking experimentation between 1980 and 2003. Reference year: 1990. Estimates created using negative binomial regression modeling. Each plot displays the relative risk with approximate 95% confidence intervals. The blue line is the line of null effect (RR = 1.0). The green line shows the estimated smoothed effect between 1993 and 1998. All plots show a gradual decline pre-1990 followed by an increase in the 1990’s which started declining again in the late 1990’s. (A) Males and females combined. (B) Males only (C) Females only.</p

The Impact of Taxation Reduction on Smoking in Youth between 1990 and 1999: Results from a Reconstructed Cohort Analysis of the Canadian Community Health Surveys

<div><p>Background</p><p>Increases in taxation can contribute to smoking control. In the early 1990’s, tobacco smuggling rates in Canada increased dramatically. Governments responded with a substantial reduction in taxes on tobacco products. This study examines the impact of these tax changes on smoking in youth in Canada.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Data on smoking from three consecutive cycles of the Canadian Community Health Surveys were combined and analyzed using a reconstructed cohort approach. Age, sex and calendar year specific rates of smoking experimentation and the onset of daily smoking were estimated for youth. Estimates apply to the entire Canadian population.</p><p>Results</p><p>There was a strong increase in smoking in youth in the years following the reduction in tobacco taxes. The increase was stronger in women. The rates returned to pre-1990 rates by about 2002. The number of excess daily smokers for people born between 1977 and 1985 that can be linked to the taxation reduction is about 190,000.</p><p>Interpretation</p><p>There is strong evidence that reduction of tobacco taxes to combat smuggling had an adverse impact on smoking rates in youth.</p></div

Excess number of daily smokers to age 18 due to Tax Reductions, stratified by sex.

<p>Excess number of daily smokers to age 18 due to Tax Reductions, stratified by sex.</p

Age of Initial Smoking Experimentation and Start of Daily Smoking.

<p>Age of Initial Smoking Experimentation and Start of Daily Smoking.</p

Rates of Onset of Daily Smoking.

<p>Rates of onset of daily smoking from 1980 to 2003, ages 12–24. Blue colors indicate low rates; red colors indicate high rates. Temporal trends are shown when the color changes along vertical lines through the graphs. (A) Males and females combined. (B) Males only (C) Females only.</p

Excess number of teenagers undertaking initial experimentation, stratified by sex.

<p>Excess number of teenagers undertaking initial experimentation, stratified by sex.</p