Parameter estimates of the final population model.

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations:</i> E_max = maximal effect of the drug; A₅₀ =  amount of acetazolamide that instantaneously induces 50% of putative maximal effect on serum bicarbonate; Bicar₀ =  bicarbonate baseline level; MV₀ =  minute ventilation at baseline level; PaCO2₀ =  PaCO2 at baseline level; BSV = between-subject variability; <i>k_out</i> = first-order constant rate for acetazolamide effect kinetics; %rse = percent relative standard error; SAPS II = simplified acute physiology score II at intensive care unit admission; NA = not applicable; Furosemide₅₀ =  amount of furosemide that instantaneously induces 50% of putative maximal effect on serum bicarbonate.</p

Goodness-of-fit plots for the final model of pharmakodynamics.

<p>Observed versus model-predicted minute ventilation (A) and observed versus model-predicted PaCO₂ (B) for mean and individual predictions, and normalized prediction distribution errors (npde) versus predicted minute ventilation and PaCO₂. The regression line is represented by the solid line. The mean and variance of the npde distribution were not significantly different from respectively 0 and 1 (<i>P</i>  = 0.63 and <i>P</i>  = 0.56, respectively for PaCO₂ and <i>P</i>  = 0.59 and <i>P</i>  = 0.48 for minute ventilation; Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Fisher variance test, respectively) and from normality, illustrating robustness of minute ventilation and PaCO₂ prediction after acetazolamide administration.</p

Difference between respiratory parameters pre-acetazolamide dose and at 24 hours.

<p>Differences between pre-acetazolamide dose minute ventilation and minute ventilation at 24 hours (A) and between pre-acetazolamide dose PaCO₂ level and PaCO₂ level at 24 hours (B) in 68 COPD patients, plotted according to the total quantity of acetazolamide administered daily. Boxplots show the median values, first and third quartiles and 10th and 90th percentiles. All values are observed. Usually administered doses of acetazolamide (250–500 mg) do not have a clinically relevant effect either on minute ventilation or on PaCO₂ levels.</p

Model-predicted effect of once a day administration of 250, 500, 1000 or 2000 mg of acetazolamide.

<p>Predicted effect of the drug on minute ventilation (A) and PaCO₂ (B) in patients ventilated either by pressure support ventilation or by volume assist ventilation. Modelization of acetazolamide pharmacodynamics was derived from 68 COPD patients with metabolic alkalosis during the weaning period. The model predicts that higher acetazolamide dosage (>1000 mg) is required to significantly increase minute ventilation or to decrease PaCO₂ whatever the ventilator mode used.</p

Additional file 1 of Ventilator-associated pneumonia related to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: risk factors and prognosis

Additional file 1. Table E1. Centers informations; Table E2. Multivariable analysis of risk factors of ESBL-E related VAP after exclusion of the 8 patients with CRE related VAP; Table E3. Antibiotics administered in the 24 hours following VAP according to ESBL-E; Table E4. Outcome according to the occurrence of ESBL-E VAP; Table E5. Risk factors for death in patients with VAP related to enterobacterales according to species

Prevalence of non-reactive EEG among different sub-groups of the studied septic ICU patients.

<p>Prevalence of non-reactive EEG among different sub-groups of the studied septic ICU patients.</p

Representative example of EEG showing periodic discharges (PDs) in a septic ICU patient.

<p>See these spontaneous generalized repetitive discharges of spikes and bursts of sharp waves at nearly regular intervals and without evolution in location and morphology. Recording: 20 mm/sec, sensitivity: 10 μV/mm; filter settings: 0.500 Hz -70Hz.</p

Flow chart of the recruited population.

<p>*: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.</p

Representative example of a non-reactive EEG following painful stimuli (pinching) in a septic ICU patient.

<p>No EEG background activity change was observed after the painful stimulation (pinching) Recording: 20 mm/sec, sensitivity: 10 μV/mm; filter settings: 0.500 Hz -70Hz.</p

EEG findings and classification.

<p>EEG findings and classification.</p