Flow diagram showing included studies according to PRISMA guidelines [<b>46</b>].

<p>The number of published articles identified by the given search term for initial screening and the resulting studies identified and included in the systematic review and meta-analysis are shown.</p

Relative odds of shedding vaccine poliovirus after challenge among individuals vaccinated with IPV in addition to OPV compared with individuals vaccinated with OPV only.

<p>Labeling as for <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599#ppat-1002599-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>. The schedule indicates the number and type of OPV doses received by both groups and the number of doses of IPV that were added in the intervention group. In two studies, IPV was administered simultaneously with OPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks (Modlin et al. 1997 <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599#ppat.1002599-Modlin1" target="_blank">[47]</a> and du Chatelet et al. 2003 <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599#ppat.1002599-duChatelet1" target="_blank">[48]</a>), and in one study IPV was administered before and at the same time as OPV (schedule was IPV, IPV/OPV, OPV, OPV at 2, 4, 6, 15 months; WHO Collaborative Study Group on Oral and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccines 1997 <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599#ppat.1002599-WHO1" target="_blank">[49]</a>). The χ² test for heterogeneity among studies for serotypes 1 and 3 was not significant for each serotype (<i>p</i>-values 0.13 and 0.08) or for the serotypes combined (<i>p</i>-value 0.14).</p

Relative odds of shedding vaccine poliovirus after challenge among individuals vaccinated with OPV compared with IPV.

<p>Labeling as for <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599#ppat-1002599-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>. The χ² test for heterogeneity among studies was significant for serotypes 1 and 3 (<i>p</i>-values<0.001, 0.79, and 0.01 for serotypes 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and for the overall odds ratio (<i>p</i>-value<0.001). *Ghendon et al. 1961 <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599#ppat.1002599-Ghendon2" target="_blank">[17]</a> compare vaccinated and unvaccinated children who were confirmed seropositive and seronegative, respectively.</p

Relative odds of shedding vaccine poliovirus after challenge among individuals vaccinated with IPV compared with unvaccinated individuals.

<p>Labeling as for <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599#ppat-1002599-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>. The χ² test for heterogeneity among studies was not significant for any serotype (<i>p</i>-values 0.11, 0.47, and 0.07) or for the overall odds ratio (<i>p</i>-value 0.10). *Ghendon et al. 1961 <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002599#ppat.1002599-Ghendon2" target="_blank">[17]</a> compare vaccinated and unvaccinated children who were confirmed seropositive and seronegative, respectively.</p

Prevalence of laboratory confirmed typhoid among patients with fever or suspected typhoid fever ordered by study year.

<p>Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals, which are also given in square brackets for each study. Diamonds show the pooled estimates by patient group and overall together with 95% confidence intervals based on the fit of the random effects (RE) binomial (meta-) regression model. *indicates studies carried out during an outbreak of typhoid fever. ^indicates studies that used serology (alone or in addition to culture) to test for typhoid fever.</p

Meta-regression of variables associated with the proportion of individuals who are confirmed to have paratyphoid fever based on a univariate and multivariate model.

<p>Meta-regression of variables associated with the proportion of individuals who are confirmed to have paratyphoid fever based on a univariate and multivariate model.</p

Flow diagram showing the number of articles identified in the systematic review on typhoid and paratyphoid in India.

<p>Flow diagram showing the number of articles identified in the systematic review on typhoid and paratyphoid in India.</p

Incidence of typhoid fever based on community cohort studies.

<p>A) Incidence by study and pooled estimates (diamonds) are shown based on the fit of the random effect (RE) Poisson (meta-) regression model. The error bars and horizontal extent of the diamonds correspond with the 95% confidence intervals, which are also given in square brackets. B) Incidence by age-group for each study. Note differences in the definitions of the age-categories. We used the number of people enumerated at baseline to estimate the number of individuals at risk for the Kolkata 2004 estimate, since person-years of observation was not reported in this study [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004616#pntd.0004616.ref029" target="_blank">29</a>].</p

Simulated population movement under the radiation model from Kano Municipal Area, Kano state (population density 14 064.1 people per km²).

<p>Population movements with fewer than ten people are excluded.</p

Optimised Estimates for Components of the Spatial and Non-Spatial Models and the Poisson Mixed-Effects Model Coefficients.

<p>Optimised Estimates for Components of the Spatial and Non-Spatial Models and the Poisson Mixed-Effects Model Coefficients.</p