Estimates of fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of tissue proteins and the fold difference from skeletal muscle tissue in a lactating dairy cow.

<p>Estimates of fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of tissue proteins and the fold difference from skeletal muscle tissue in a lactating dairy cow.</p

Protein-bound amino acid concentrations in human skeletal muscle (<i>n</i> = 10) and in cow beef, whey and casein protein (<i>n</i> = 1).

<p>EAA are the sum of His, Ile, Val, Phe, Lys, His, Met, and Thr; note that Trp, Pro, Cys were not measured. Human muscle was collected from healthy older men (n = 8). Human muscle values ± SEM.</p

Study protocol of the cow infusion protocol.

<p>Study protocol of the cow infusion protocol.</p

Protein-bound amino acid concentrations in the cow organ tissues (<i>n</i> = 1).

<p>EAA are the sum of His, Ile, Val, Phe, Lys, His, Met, and Thr; note that Trp, Pro, Cys were not measured.</p

Cow plasma enrichments of L-[1-¹³C]phenylalanine and L-[1-¹³C]tyrosine before, during, and after the infusion protocol.

<p>Values are expressed as mole percent excess (MPE).</p

Pax7 (A), MyoD (B), myogenin (C) mRNA expression in skeletal muscle 24 hours following resistance exercise.

<p>Data are expressed as fold change from rest. Data are normalized to GAPDH and reported as mean ± SEM. *Significantly different from rest, P<0.05. †Significantly different from 30WM.</p

qRT-PCR Primer Sequences.

<p>qRT-PCR Primer Sequences.</p

Fasted-state mixed (A), myofibrillar (B), and sarcoplasmic (C) protein synthesis (FSR) at rest and following resistance exercise.

<p>Capital letter indicates a mean that is significantly different from rest, P<0.05. *Significantly different from 30WM within that time point, P<0.05. †Significantly different from 90FAIL within that time point, P<0.05. ‡Significantly different from 24h post within group. Values are means ± SEM.</p

Akt (A), Erk1/2 (B), mTOR (C) following resistance exercise.

<p>Capital letter indicates a mean that is significantly different from rest, P<0.05. *Significantly different from 30WM within that time point, P<0.05. †Significantly different from 90FAIL within that time point. #Significant main effect for time, P<0.05. Data are expressed as fold change from rest. Values are means ± SEM.</p

p70S6K (A), 4E-BP1 (B), and eEF2 (C) following resistance exercise.

<p>Capital letter indicates a mean that is significantly different from rest, P<0.05. *Significantly different from 30WM within that time point, P<0.05. †Significantly different from 90FAIL within that time point, P<0.05. #Significant main effect for time, P<0.05. Data are expressed as fold change from rest. Values are means ± SEM.</p