113 research outputs found

    Field Testing of the Overflow Erosion of Rhone River Levees

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    It is important to quantify the soil resistance against erosion caused by the overflow of dikes and levees. Small-scale tests are not recommended, as they do not provide a correct representation of the actual soil in place and do not take into account the geometry of the structure. For this reason, the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) developed an on-site overflow device in 2015. The procedure followed is based on ASTM-D6460 standard. Two tests were performed in May 2022 on a Compagnie Nationale du RhĂ´ne (CNR) dike near Avignon (France). The dike is 6.2 m high; the core is mainly made of sandy silts. The toe is covered by a gravel shoulder which forms a berm. The first test was carried out on the intact soil: the core covered by a natural grass on the upper part, and the gravel fill without grass in the lower part of the slope. The test consisted of carrying out a flow in a channel of 1 m wide and 25 m long, in 12 steps of 30 min (6 hours of flow in total). The second test was carried out on the soil stripped of the vegetation cover in order to study the soil of the upper part of the embankment, made up of compacted sandy silt and sandy gravel. The test consisted of carrying out a flow in a 60 cm wide and 20 m long channel, in 9 steps of 30 min (4.5 hours of flow in total). The test campaigns were carried out with flows ranging from 12 to 140 l/s per linear meter, corresponding to a crest water depth ranging from 4 to 18 cm. On test 1, no significant erosion of the natural grass cover was observed. A small erosion pit 20 cm deep was observed on the compacted gravel berm surface. A scour hole of approximately 1.10 m in depth for a volume of 4.2 m3 was observed in the downstream gravel fill that cover the lower part of the embankment. On test 2, the compacted sandy silt layer was eroded a few centimeters by the surface flow. The sandy gravel layer was eroded from the first flow (5.7 cm of water height at the crest), which led to the beginning of a breach (deepening) over 10 m long, of 1.30 m maximum depth, 1.80 m maximum width and 9 m3 of eroded soil. The first result of these in situ overflow tests is that not all of these observations were predictable from the erosion tests previously performed in the laboratory and in situ (Jet and Het erosion tests). The second result is the remarkable resistance of the natural grass cover

    The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

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    INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

    Essais d'érosion - Retour d'expérience d'INRAE.

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    This webinar is complementary to the France Digues webinars. It focuses on the major process of degradation and breach of river dykes: erosion. After a few reminders concerning the two types of erosion (internal and external), we present some erosion tests allowing to quantify the resistance of soils to erosion, in the laboratory and in situ. The results of these tests are input data for the diagnosis of structures, in particular within the framework of hazard studies.This presentation concerns the erosion tests developed and conducted at INRAE.Ce webinaire s’inscrit en complémentarité avec les journées et le webinaire du cycle géotechnique de France Digues. Il est focalisé sur le processus majeur de dégradation et de rupture par brèche des digues fluviales : l’érosion. Après quelques rappels concernant les deux types d’érosion (interne et externe), nous présentons quelques essais d’érosion permettant de quantifier la résistance des sols vis à vis de l’érosion, au laboratoire et in situ. Les résultats de ces essais sont des données d’entrée pour le diagnostic des ouvrages, notamment dans le cadre des études de danger.Cet exposé concerne les essais d'érosion développés et réalisés à INRAE

    Essais comparatifs inter-laboratoires Hole Erosion Test – campagne n°2 2019/2020

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    À la suite de la première campagne d’essais HET inter-laboratoires entre les 3 laboratoires GeophyConsult, Sol Solution et Irstea/Inrae (campagne 2018/2019), une deuxième campagne est réalisée. L’objectif est de resserrer l’écart des résultats entre les laboratoires, par limitation des variables de réalisation de l’essai.Le document présente et analyse les résultats des essais de comparaison de cette 2è campagne, réalisée entre 3 laboratoires détenteurs du banc d’essai Hole Erosion Test selon le modèle Irstea

    DigueELITE – synthèse de 6 ans de suivi visuel du démonstrateur

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    La construction du démonstrateur DigueELITE, ouvrage expérimental en limons traités à la chaux et limons non traités, a été achevée en juillet 2015 sur les rives du Vidourle, dans le département du Gard. Depuis sa construction, l’ouvrage fait l’objet d’un suivi visuel, par des visites régulières au cours desquelles les évolutions visibles sont notées. Une attention particulière est portée aux différences de comportement entre la partie traitée et celle non traitée.Pendant 2 ans après la construction, 4 visites par an ont été réalisées, puis 2 visites par an de 3 à 6 ans.Le rapport présente une synthèse des observations réalisées pendant ces 6 années ; après la présentation des conditions du suivi (méthodologie, fréquence, contexte météorologique et éléments perturbateurs), les points particuliers relevés sont détaillés, et les hétérogénéités de comportement entre les parties en sol traité et sol non traité sont mises en avant. Les différences les plus marquantes concernent l’état de surface des talus, l’activité des fouisseurs (lapins), l’apparition et l’évolution de fissures, l’altération des matériaux de surface au contact de l’atmosphère, l’implantation de la végétation. Une particularité du démonstrateur est de ne pas être revêtu d’une couche de terre végétale comme les ouvrages en service ; l’évolution du remblai soumis directement aux agents extérieurs peut donc être observée, sans risque d’atténuation ou de masquage par un revêtement.Ces observations visuelles complètent les mesures en continu enregistrées par les capteurs insérés dans l’ouvrage et les essais géotechniques et hydrauliques menés sur la période. Elles apportent des éléments sur la durabilité du remblai en sol traité à la chaux, avec une comparaison avec le remblai en sol non traité qui a vieilli dans les mêmes conditions

    Measuring coarse grain deformation by digital image correlation

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    International audienceThis work presents results from oedometric compression of coarse granular material. Coarse granular media exhibit significant deformations making it complicated to predict the settlement of structures. In this paper, a measurement technique was developed for the analysis of two-dimensional (2D) images of a deforming coarse granular medium to investigate its deformation. This was achieved by realizing grainbased image correlation to measure the grain transformation in gravel with the use of a Digital Image Correlation technique. The 2D displacement fields enable us to explore the behaviour of granular media at different scales: microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic scales. The mesoscopic scale is defined from branches that connect the centres of three neighbouring grains, using a Delaunay triangulation to account for an equivalent continuum media. While the consistency of the macroscopic strain and the average mesoscopic strain is assessed, it is shown that a deviation from the normalized microscopic vertical displacement is an indicator of the heterogeneity of the mesoscopic strain field. The proposed mesoscopic analysis allows us to investigate these heterogeneities. Another important result is that even if the amplitude of the microscopic strain is small (approximately 100 times smaller) compared with the other strain measures, it confirms that the grains are not rigid and that their ultimate strain can be estimated using the proposed approach

    Canal Seine Nord Europe - Bassin d’essai de Cizancourt (80200) – Bouygues Travaux Publics - Essais d'érosion in-situ sur sols traités après 1 an d'immersion - 2ème campagne - JET Erosion Test in situ

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    Un an après la campagne de Jet in-situ sur le bassin expérimental de Cizancourt (Somme), construit dans le cadre de l’étude de l’étanchéité du futur Canal Seine Nord Europe, 8 essais ont été réalisés en fond de bassin sur la craie traitée et le limon traité. Le bassin est resté en eau pendant cette année de cure. Le dispositif d’essai a été adapté pour tenir compte de la résistance importante des sols traités à l’érosion : la contrainte hydraulique appliquée est significativement augmentée par rapport à celle appliquée sur un sol non traité. Malgré cela, l’érosion n’a pu être obtenue sur aucun des 8 essais. Les résultats montrent une très grande résistance à l’érosion, à un an de cure sous eau. Les propriétés de résistance sont au moins conservées par rapport à celles mesurées en 2020. Le rapport présente le contexte, les conditions et les résultats des 8 essais d’érosion in-situ de type Jet Erosion Test réalisés en 2021
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