2 research outputs found
PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES OF WARFARIN SODIUM 5 MILLIGRAMS TABLET IN HEALTY THAI SUBJECTS
Objective:àThe present study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence between the generic warfarin sodium tablet and a reference product when gave as equal labeled doses in healthy Thai subjects under fasting condition.Methods:àA randomized, open-label, single dose, two treatments, two periods, two sequences, crossover design between 5 mg of warfarin administration under fasting condition was conducted in 22 male and female healthy Thai subjects. Each subject was assigned randomly to receive a single oral dose of the test formulation or the reference formulation of 5 mg warfarin tablets. Study periods were separated by a 14-day washout period. Blood samples were collected at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 36.0, 48.0 and 72.0 h after drug administration. A simple, sensitive and specific HPLC method was used for quantification of warfarin in plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed including Cmax, Tmax, t1/2 and AUC0-72h.Results:àTwenty subjects, selected randomly from healthy adult Thai subjects were enrolled, age of 22.5 + 3.1 years, weight, 59 + 6 kg. Twenty-one subjects completed both periods of the study. The mean Cmax values were 759.63 and 778.20 ng/ml and the mean AUC0-72h were 20010.89 and 20418.55 ng. h./ml for test and reference formulations, respectively. The mean ratios for log-transformed data were 0.9955 and 0.9971 for Cmax, and AUC0-72h, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals of the ratios of Cmax and AUC0-72h between test and reference tablets were 88.23% ÃĒâŽâ 105.70% and 94.40% ÃĒâŽâ 99.61%.Conclusion:àIt can be concluded that test and reference warfarin 5 mg products were bioequivalent in terms of rate and extent of absorption.Ã
Items and Value of Household Leftover Medicines for Chronic Conditions at Sansai-Luang Sub-district, Sansai District, Chiang Mai Province-āļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļēāļĒāļēāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđāđāļĢāļāđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ āļāļģāļāļĨāļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ āļāļģāđāļ āļāļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒ āļāļąāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļŦāļĄāđāļī
AbstractObjective: The study aimed to explore items and values of leftovermedicines in households of people living in Sansai-Luang Subdistrict,Sansai District, Chiang Mai Province. Methods: The researchers visited thesampleâs house and collected the data by interviewing and observingleftover medicines. Results: Out of 350 observed households, 25households had no patient with chronic condition and 44 households hadchronic patients but they did not have discrete information aboutappointment date. Of those 281 households with complete information, 253households (90.0%) had leftover medicines for their chronic condition. Onthe other hand, 103 households (36.7%) were in short supply of theirchronic medicines. Value of overall leftover medicines was 51,391.69 ThaiBaht, or 182.87 Thai Baht/ household. HTCZ 50 mg was the mostfrequently found leftover medicine in the household (n = 96, 27.4%),followed by Glibenclamide 5 mg (n = 60, 17.1%) and Enarapril 5 mg (n =45, 12.6%). Reasons for leftover medicines were that physicians overprescribed the medicines, patients forgot to take the medicines, physicianschanged the treatment regimens, patients were transferred to other hospital,and others. Conclusion: The studyâs findings highlight the patientsâmedical use behavior at their houses and the needs for better care frompharmacists and healthcare practitioners in order to improve the patientsâknowledge and understanding in rational and continuous use of medicinesKeywords: leftover medicine, chronic illness āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļĒāļēāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļēāļĒāļēāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ āđāļāđāļāļ āļ.āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ āļ.āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒ āļ.āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļŦāļĄāđāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđāļāļĒāđāļĒāļĩāđāļĒāļĄāļāđāļēāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāđāļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļāđāļāļāļĒāļēāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļąāđāļāļŦāļĄāļ 350 āļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ 25 āļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāđāļĢāļāđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ āđāļĨāļ° 44 āļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļĄāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĒāļēāļāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļāđāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļāđāļāļāļĒāđ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļģāļ§āļąāļāļāļąāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāļāļēāļ 281 āļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļ§āđāļē 253 āļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ (āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 90.0) āļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ āđāļĨāļ° 103 āļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ (āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 36.7) āļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļāļķāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāđāļēāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļąāđāļāļāđāļāđāļ āļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļēāļĒāļēāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļāļīāļāđāļāđāļ 51,391.69 āļāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ āđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĨāļ° 182.87 āļāļēāļ āļāļāļīāļāļāļāļāļĒāļēāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļāļāļ·āļ HCTZ 50 mg āļāļķāđāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļ 96 āļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ (āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 27.4)āļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļĄāļēāļāļ·āļ Glibenclamide 5 mg āļāļķāđāļāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļ 60 āļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ (āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 17.1)āđāļĨāļ° Enalapril 5 mg āđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļ 45 āļāļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĢāļ·āļāļ (āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 12.6) āļŠāļēāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļāļāļĒāļēāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒ āļāļ·āļ āđāļāļāļĒāđāļāđāļēāļĒāļĒāļēāđāļāļīāļ āļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĨāļ·āļĄāļāļīāļāļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļŠāļāļēāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§āļāļģāđāļŦāđāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāđāļāđāļēāđāļāļāļķāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļĒāļēāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļ āļāļķāđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļāļđāđāļĨ āđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ āđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļēāđāļ āđāļŦāđāļāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļĒāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļĒāļēāđāļŦāļĨāļ·āļāđāļāđ, āđāļĢāļāđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļĢāļą