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    PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES OF WARFARIN SODIUM 5 MILLIGRAMS TABLET IN HEALTY THAI SUBJECTS

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    Objective:  The present study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence between the generic warfarin sodium tablet and a reference product when gave as equal labeled doses in healthy Thai subjects under fasting condition.Methods:  A randomized, open-label, single dose, two treatments, two periods, two sequences, crossover design between 5 mg of warfarin administration under fasting condition was conducted in 22 male and female healthy Thai subjects. Each subject was assigned randomly to receive a single oral dose of the test formulation or the reference formulation of 5 mg warfarin tablets. Study periods were separated by a 14-day washout period. Blood samples were collected at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 36.0, 48.0 and 72.0 h after drug administration. A simple, sensitive and specific HPLC method was used for quantification of warfarin in plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed including Cmax, Tmax, t1/2 and AUC0-72h.Results:  Twenty subjects, selected randomly from healthy adult Thai subjects were enrolled, age of 22.5 + 3.1 years, weight, 59 + 6 kg. Twenty-one subjects completed both periods of the study. The mean Cmax values were 759.63 and 778.20 ng/ml and the mean AUC0-72h were 20010.89 and 20418.55 ng. h./ml for test and reference formulations, respectively. The mean ratios for log-transformed data were 0.9955 and 0.9971 for Cmax, and AUC0-72h, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals of the ratios of Cmax and AUC0-72h between test and reference tablets were 88.23% ÃĒ₮“ 105.70% and 94.40% ÃĒ₮“ 99.61%.Conclusion:  It can be concluded that test and reference warfarin 5 mg products were bioequivalent in terms of rate and extent of absorption.Â

    Items and Value of Household Leftover Medicines for Chronic Conditions at Sansai-Luang Sub-district, Sansai District, Chiang Mai Province-āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āļ•āļģāļšāļĨāļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļī

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    AbstractObjective: The study aimed to explore items and values of leftovermedicines in households of people living in Sansai-Luang Subdistrict,Sansai District, Chiang Mai Province. Methods: The researchers visited thesample’s house and collected the data by interviewing and observingleftover medicines. Results: Out of 350 observed households, 25households had no patient with chronic condition and 44 households hadchronic patients but they did not have discrete information aboutappointment date. Of those 281 households with complete information, 253households (90.0%) had leftover medicines for their chronic condition. Onthe other hand, 103 households (36.7%) were in short supply of theirchronic medicines. Value of overall leftover medicines was 51,391.69 ThaiBaht, or 182.87 Thai Baht/ household. HTCZ 50 mg was the mostfrequently found leftover medicine in the household (n = 96, 27.4%),followed by Glibenclamide 5 mg (n = 60, 17.1%) and Enarapril 5 mg (n =45, 12.6%). Reasons for leftover medicines were that physicians overprescribed the medicines, patients forgot to take the medicines, physicianschanged the treatment regimens, patients were transferred to other hospital,and others. Conclusion: The study’s findings highlight the patients’medical use behavior at their houses and the needs for better care frompharmacists and healthcare practitioners in order to improve the patients’knowledge and understanding in rational and continuous use of medicinesKeywords: leftover medicine, chronic illness āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ• āļ•.āļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ­.āļŠāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļĒ āļˆ.āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļēāļāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ” 350 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ 25 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļąāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđāļĨāļ° 44 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĒāļēāļ„āļ‡āļ„āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ§āļąāļ™āļ™āļąāļ”āļžāļšāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļˆāļģāļ§āļąāļ™āļ™āļąāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļ 281 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē 253 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 90.0) āļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ āđāļĨāļ° 103 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 36.7) āļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļąāļ”āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 51,391.69 āļšāļēāļ— āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĨāļ° 182.87 āļšāļēāļ— āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ„āļ·āļ­ HCTZ 50 mg āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™ 96 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 27.4)āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ„āļ·āļ­ Glibenclamide 5 mg āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™ 60 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 17.1)āđāļĨāļ° Enalapril 5 mg āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™ 45 āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 12.6) āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļĒāļēāđ€āļāļīāļ™ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĨāļ·āļĄāļāļīāļ™āļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļœāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰ āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļĒāļēāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰, āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļą
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