ANALISIS KADAR SERAT PADA NUGGET BATANG LENGKUAS MUDA (Alpinia galanga L) SEBAGAI PENUNJANG SUMBER BELAJAR MATA KULIAH ETNOBOTANI

Background: Indonesia is a country rich in various types of plants, including spices. One of them is galangal [Alpinia galanga (L.) Swartz.] Which is often used by Indonesians as a cooking spice. This plant of the Zingiberaceae family has active substances that function to treat digestive disorders, relieve colic, as an antidote to poisoning, anti convulsions and has anti-arthritis activity. Galangal rhizome extract also has anticancer and anti-tuberculosis activity. Methods: The location for crude fiber testing was carried out at the Ambon Industrial Research and Standardization Center (Baristand). Young galangal stems are taken at Jl. Mount Malintang, Batu Merah, Sirimau, Ambon City Maluku. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Results: The results showed that crude fiber content in young galangal stem nuggets in P3 with a ratio of 2: 1 resulted in crude fiber content of 2.62% higher than young galangal stem nuggets at P2 with a ratio of 1: 2 resulting in crude fiber content of 0 , 52% and young galangal stem nuggets at P1 with a ratio of 1: 1 resulted in crude fiber content of 1.46%. Conclusion: Crude fiber content with different ratios obtained P1 (1.46%), P2 (O, 52%), P3 (2.62%)

Effects of Telephone Versus Paper-and-Pencil Self-Administration of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in Child and Adolescent Outpatients: Evidence from Iran

Background: The strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) is one of the most common screening tools to detect children and adolescents who are at risk of mental health problems or have psychiatric disorders. The standard mode of SDQ completion is on paper; however, some studies used phone administration and argued that this is a feasible and valid method that can substitute in-person administration. However, few studies have investigated the validity and reliability of phone administration of the SDQ. Objectives: The current study aimed to compare the telephone versus paper-and-pencil administration of the SDQ among Iranian child and adolescent outpatients. Methods: Sixty six parents with children aged 3 to 15 years completed the SDQ questionnaire using paper-and-pencil and telephone interview techniques. The study was performed in 2016, and participants were from the city of Tehran (capital of Iran). Participants were first divided into two groups. Then, one of them first completed the questionnaire using the face-to-face interviews, and 3 to 4 days later, they again completed the questionnaire using the telephone interview. And the vice versa occurred for the other group. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to calculate the correlation between the two methods in each group separately. Intra-class correlation (ICC) analysis was used to investigate the association between the two administration methods. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between the two types of administration in both groups (P < 0.05). Intra-class correlation coefficients indicated a good correlation between the scores obtained from each method of administration (all P values were < 0.001). Conclusions: Telephone administration of SDQ is a reliable method for collecting data when studying emotional and behavioral symptoms in children and adolescents attending outpatient psychiatric centers. Copyright © 2020, Author(s)

Clinical outcomes and electrolyte balance factors in complex cardiac operations in adults; del nido versus custodiol cardioplegia solutions: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: Cardioplegia is used for protection of myocardium during cardiac operations. Del Nido (DN) and Custodiol cardioplegia solutions are used for prolonged protection of the myocardium during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Custodiol cardioplegia (CC) solution is gaining popularity for myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of Custodiol with another cardioplegia solution, Del Nido, on myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: In a randomized controlled clinical trial, forty patients were randomly allocated to DN and Custodiol (CC) groups. Patients in both groups received a normal anesthesia protocol. For cardioplegia, in the DN group, the DN solution was administered every 90 minutes by the antegrade route. In the Custodiol group, the Custodiol solution was administered in the same way at the beginning of the cardioplegia. Demographic information, blood chemistry parameters and other related perioperative and postoperative clinical indices were recorded. Results: Frequency of female patients was 14/21 (66.66) in the DN and 12/19 (63.15) in the CC group (P = 0.816), age was 57.14 ± 12.48 years in the DN and 59.47 ± 11.96 years in the CC group (P = 0.551), weight was 70.95 ± 9.56 kilograms in the DN and 69.63 ± 7.64 kilograms in the CC group (P = 0.635), CPB time was103.19 ± 23.43 minutes in the DN versus 97.36 ± 16.7 minutes in the CC group (P = 0.376), and cross-clamp time was 73.76 ± 19.66 minutes in the DN and 83.95 ± 16.14 minutes in the CC group (P = 0.083). Blood chemistry and blood gas analysis revealed a similar trend between the two groups in these parameters (P > 0.05) except for higher sodium levels after cardioplegia (P = 0.016) and end of CPB (P = 0.002), potassium levels after cardioplegia (P = 0.029), and bicarbonate anions at the end of bypass (P = 0.03) in the custodiol group. Conclusions: In conclusion, CC and DN offer effective myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass. It is recommended to restrict the use of CC in patients susceptible to electrolyte disturbances. © 2018, Author(s)

Models as artefacts of a dual nature: A philosophical contribution to teaching about models designed and used in engineering practice

Although ‘models’ play a significant role in engineering activities, not much has yet been developed to enhance the technological literacy of students in this regard. This contribution intends to help fill this gap and deliver a comprehensive account as to the nature and various properties of these engineering tools. It begins by inspecting two well-known cases: the long-term policy documents of technological literacy in the USA and in New Zealand. This will help to clarify the approach of these educational documents to models, provide a primary understanding of their existing drawbacks in this relation, and realize the necessity of underpinning a well-organized account that can be used in teaching about models. Next, the discussion moves toward an attempt to develop a sound description of the nature of models. This is accomplished through an extensive review of the viewpoints of philosophers (of science and technology) about the nature and properties of these tools; models will then be argued and suggested for consideration as techno-scientific artefacts with their own dual nature: the intrinsic and the intentional. Such an account paves the way to the next step, which namely attempts to provide a well-ordered framework of the models’ various properties, through taking up those two natures and their interrelation in detail. The paper concludes by showing some initial advantages of applying the suggested approach to the intended cases, which can hopefully lead to further, more detailed inspections and extended contributions.Applied Science

'Standards' on the bench: Do standards for technological literacy render an adequate image of technology?

The technological literacy of students has recently become one of the primary goals of education in countries such as the USA, England, New Zealand, Australia, and so forth. However the question here is whether these educations - their long-term policy documents as well as the standards they provide in particular - address sufficient learning about the nature of technology. This seems to be an important concern that through taking advantage of the philosophy of technology (the arena which affords a bountiful ground of various reflections on the nature of technology) is intended to be discussed throughout this study. In the first place, the paper presents a relevant framework based upon Mitcham's (1994) four-aspect account of technology, i.e., technology as objects, knowledge, activities, and volition. Then it categorizes the main relevant concepts and concerns put forward by many other philosophers of technology into this framework; this will yield a concrete model (tool) to analyze any intended standard such as the above mentioned ones. Afterwards, to show how this model works, the well-known case of the USA - Standards for Technological Literacy (ITEA, 2007) - will be used as an example for inspection; the results will disclose the points where the current American case needs to be modified.Science Education and Communicatio

The New Zealand Curriculum's approach to technological literacy through the lens of the philosophy of technology

New Zealand’s curriculum, in terms of its approach to technological literacy, attempts to deliver a sound, philosophy-­based understanding of the nature of technology. The curriculum’s main authors claim that it conforms well to Mitcham’s (2014) categorization of different aspects of technology’s nature. Nevertheless, taking advantage of the existing literature of the philosophy of technology, this paper will reveal that the intended urriculum, though an admirable approach, still has a number of points needing improvement, and there are also certain gaps to be bridged in the claimed conformity. This analysis primarily makes use of the method initiated by Nia and De Vries (2016a), based upon Mitcham’s suggested framework and other philosophers’ opinions as to the nature and various features of technologyScience Education and Communicatio

Technology Development as a Normative Practice: A Meaning-Based Approach to Learning About Values in Engineering—Damming as a Case Study

Engineering, as a complex and multidimensional practice of technology development, has long been a source of ethical concerns. These concerns have been approached from various perspectives. There are ongoing debates in the literature of the philosophy of engineering/technology about how to organize an optimized view of the values entailed in technology development processes. However, these debates deliver little in the way of a concrete rationale or framework that could comprehensively describe different types of engineering values and their multi-aspect interrelations in real engineering practices. Approaching engineering values from a meaning-based perspective, as in this paper, can be a reliable method of tackling such a controversial problem. This paper therefore proposes that technology development be considered a systemic normative practice and attempts to provide a comprehensive view of various built-in values, their different origins and features, and a way of prioritizing them in real engineering processes. Studying two cases of the Zayandeh Rood Dam and the Abbasi Dam will lead to practical insights into how to understand norms in technology development and incorporate them into engineering practice.Science Education and CommunicationEthics & Philosophy of Technolog

Robust unidirectional OFDM-communication system: Integration in a drill string and measurements of the autarctic system

Deep drilling technologies use MWD (Measuring While Drilling) and LWD (Logging While Drilling) systems near the drill bit in order to gather large amounts of directional and geological information. The data are mostly processed downhole. To transmit the main results to the surface in nearly real time a high speed data communication system with more than 100 bit/s is highly advantageous. The most commonly usedprocessfor data transmission in boreholes is the so called mud pulse telemetry. However, mud pulse telemetry systems cannot transmit such high data rates. A significant improvement is expected through the use of acoustic waves along the drill string for data transmission. In the 1980s and 1990s there were some attempts to transmit the downhole data by means of acoustic signals along the metallic drill string to the surface. However, these trials were not much of a success, because the acoustic transmission channel of a real drill string was too complex for the applied modulation schemes. In details, a drill string channel configuration consisting of a large number of drill pipes and tooljoints with different diameters causes multiple signal reflections and depending on the superimposing of all reflections with the original signal, pass- and stop bands will be created. This limits the achievable data rate, because only thepassbands are suitable for use by data transmission. Moreover, the characteristics of the pass- and stop bands vary with each change in the drill string configuration. Because of such challenging issues, the acoustic transmission process is significantly complex. However, the deployment of new actuators in combination with latest state of the art techniques from mobile communications can overcome the mentioned difficulties. Such techniques enable for instance an adaptive bi-directional communication to be applied, whereby the data transmission can continuously be adapted to the changing channel characteristics. As a first step for the application of the acoustic communication system on a real drill string a prototype systemfor unidirectional communication (uplink transmission) was developed and built up. Due to their relatively large sizes (outer diameter: 11 1/4"), the current prototype components cannot be used in standard deep bottom hole assemblies. However, suitable drill strings for such prototype sizes are found in mining drilling operations, for example with raise bore drilling. Thus, the initial prototype components were designed to be integrated into a raise bore drill string. The highly robust communication concept was developed to allow initial data rates of up to 30 bit/s. The prototype transmitting system consists of two units. The first one is located downhole. It includes a generator, a battery and a transmitter-sub. Furthermore there is the surface unit, which includes a receiver module, a WLAN access point and a terminal computer. The downhole batteiy can be recharged by a downhole alternator, which is driven by the drilling mud. The receiver module is attached to the uppermost drill string element and connected via a WiFi module to the terminal computer. At the surface unit the received data will be decoded and evaluated. The communication system is ready to be tested on a real well to transmit different types of data to the surface and to decode them there. The data to be transmitted during the initial field test will include information about the battery status, the temperature of the downhole unit in addition to dynamic and directional drilling data. In order to test the application limits as well as the robustness of the novel acoustic data transmission system, the influence of different interferences and noise sources on the data transmission quality were to he investigated. Unfortunately, the field trial was delaved several times and in the end cancelled in the scope of this project. But results from laboratory tests are available. During these investigations with the new acoustic communication telemetry system several interfering signals were generated to simulate real operation. Water waspumped through the system and the mechanical interaction between the drill string and the borehole wall was reproduced by rubbing on the drill string with sandpaper and applying hammer scales as well as combinations thereof Although the induced interferences reduced the quality of the data stream, the data transmission along the drill string was still possible in the presence of any kind of interference. The next development step would be the implementation of an adaptive, bi-directional communication system. This already has been built up and tested in the laboratory setup. The bi-directional communication system will significantly increase the transmission rate