DNA Sequence Analysis Of HB-EGF And CD9 Genes In Diphtheria Carriers And Patients In Indonesia

Abstract. Diphtheria infection is a serious health problem in Indonesia. There is little data regarding the role of human genetic variability on the diphtheria infection. There is also limited information in the literature regarding the comparison between diphtheria patients and carrier state. We aimed to compare the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences of heparin binding-epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) and cluster of differentiation 9 (CD 9) genes between diphtheria carriers and those infected with diphtheria. We searched the databases of the East Java Provincial Health Office and the Main Health Laboratory to identify diphtheria infection patients and carriers aged ≤18 years during 1 January 2012-30 August 2015. Each study participant was interviewed, had anthropometrical measurements obtained and blood was drawn for DNA sequencing of 2 genes coding for receptors and co-receptors of the diphtheria toxin, HB-EGF and CD9, and antibody titers against Corynebacterium diphtheriae. A total of 28 carriers and 97 patients with a history of diphtheria infection during the study period were included in the study. Silent mutations of codon 91 of exon 3 of the HB-EGF gene were found in 5 diphtheria carriers and 21 diphtheria cases, and of codons 171 and 173 of exon 6 of the CD9 gene in 1 carrier and 2 cases. We also found silent mutation of intron 5, position 35719 of the CD9 gene in 16 carriers and 39 cases. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the frequencies of mutations of exon 3 of the HB-EGF gene and exons 5 and 6 of the CD9 gene between carriers and cases. However, significantly more carriers had the mutation of intron 5 of the CD9 gene than cases. We concluded the genetic variability of the DT receptors in human was limited

The Effect of Aluminium Foil Shielding in Hampering Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted from A Mobile Phone as an Oxidative Stressor in The Cerebra of Adult Male Rats

Abstract: Mobile phones are among the main sources of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Increased use of mobile phones with internet access in daily life might increase the adverse effects of EMR as one of the oxidative stressors to the human body. Thus, protection against EMR exposure from mobile phones is required; aluminium foil (AF) is one of the proposed materials due to its EMR absorption loss and reflective loss potency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of AF shielding against EMR emitted from mobile phones shown by the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the cerebra of adult male Wistar rats. Thirty-two adult male rats were divided into 4 groups (n=8). Group I was the control group without AF or EMR, group II was the control group given the AF only, group III was treated with EMR, and group IV was treated with EMR with an AF shield. Each animal was placed in a plastic box container sized 20 x 16 x 9 cm with a fencing wire cover. A mobile phone (GSM 2100 MHz; SAR 0.84-1.86 W/kg) was taped to the inner floor of this plastic box container. The AF shield had a thickness of 2 mm and covered the mobile phone. The exposure was 4 h/day for 30 days. The MDA levels of the right hemisphere of the cerebrum were measured with a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed with significance level of p < 0.05. The MDA levels in group III were significantly higher when compared to the others. The MDA levels in group IV were significantly lower when compared to group III. The AF here might have acted as a shield against EMR from the mobile phone and was likely to have reduced the oxidative stress effect of the EMR on the exposed rats’ cerebra; this could be shown by the lower levels of the MDA in the shielded subjects compared to the unshielded controls

Body Mass Index, Waist-Hip Ratio and Fasting Blood Glucose Levels Amongst The University Students

Overweight and obesity have been correlated to the higher risk for developing metabolic diseases in later life, i.e. DM type 2. We study the body mass index (BMI), the waist to hip ratio (WHR) and the fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) in the seemingly healthy male and female university students to comprehend these variables amongst the youth in Indonesia in 2019. The BMI and WHR of 150 male and female students aged 18-22 years old of the IIKBW, Kediri were measured by standardised anthropometry. The FBG was measured after 8 hours-minimum of fasting from the capillary blood drop using glucometer. Data was then analysed using SPSS 17 with level of significance of p<0.05. According to Asia-Pacific BMI classification, students were 30.7% obese with males significantly higher than females (p=0.016), 18% overweight (significantly higher in females, p=0.04), 36% normal and 15.3% underweight.When compared between genders, the WHR is significantly higher in males (p<0.001); whilst no significant differences in FBG (p=0.6). Four males and 5 females with FBG ≥ 100 mg/dl, whereas others were within normal limits. There are positive significant correlations between BMI and WHR in males and females (r=0.777, p<0.001; r=0.54, p<0.001, respectively). There is a significant positive correlation between the BMI and FBG with r=0.217, p=0.008; and between the WHR and FBG with r=0.21, p=0.01 amongst all students. In this study, male students have significantly higher BMI and WHR than females. Higher FBG was well observed in students with either higher BMI or WHR

Antidiphtheria Antibody of Patients and Carriers Several Years after the Illness in Indonesia

Diphtheria is a lethal disease and toxin is the most important instrument of pathogenicity. Antidiphtheria antibody plays a role in determining someone to be healthy, carriers, or be ill. Diphtheria infection will not provide a sufficient antibody level to the patient few months or years after. This study aimed to determine anti-diphtheria antibody level of individuals several years after someone being patients or carriers. The participants of this cross-sectional study were all diphtheria carriers and patients aged < 18 years in East Java Province Indonesia from the period of 2011-2015. The record was obtained from East Java Provincial Health Office. Subjects were visited, interviewed, and underwent physical examinations. Blood samples were obtained and the anti-diphtheria antibody level was determined using the Vero cell method. The result was then modified using WHO criteria. Data analysis used Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Chi-Square tests as appropriate with p<0.05 and 95% confidence interval considered as significant. Among 25 carriers and 88 patients from 21 districts in the study, mostly above five-year-olds, only 11% carriers and 6% patients received three times immunization after the period of illness, indicating that the follow up by health care officers was not satisfactory. The antibody levels of the patients were significantly different from the carriers along with a prevalence ratio of 1.26 if the antibody was at a susceptible level. There were 8% carriers and 20% patients in the susceptible group. In conclusion, six months to 3.5 years after having the illness, diphtheria patients remained to have lower anti-diphtheria antibody levels as compared to the carriers

Profile of Children with Congenital Heart Disease and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Dr. Soetomo General hospital Surabaya Period March 2018

Introduction: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the first year of life. One of the manifestations of CHD is upper respiratory infection (URI). In Indonesia, 90% of the acute respiratory infection is URI and it becomes the most common reason for children to go to emergency center. The aim of this study is to describe the profile of children with congenital heart disease and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, based on sex, age, immunization status, social-economic status, and type of CHD. Methods: This descriptive study was done by collecting data using medical records and questionnaires from March 1st to 31st 2018. Results: Total number of the sample was 46 patients; 18 (39.1%) of them were male and 28 (60.9%) were female, with male to female ratio was 1:1.6. The most common age group (69.6%) was toddler (0-5 years old). The most common type of CHD was acyanotic (89.1%). Conclusion: Female patients had more (80%) severe URI than male patients. Patients with severe URI only occur in toddlers. Interestingly, 60% of patients with severe URI had complete immunization. Patients with severe URI had parents with moderate (60%) and low income (40%). There were 100% of patients with severe URI who had acyanotic CHD

Body Mass Index And Urinalysis Markers In The Seemingly Healthy Young Adults

Higher prevalence of albuminuria, glycosuria, and haematuria was reported in the obese people than control. We aimed to analyze the BMI and urinalysis markers among the university students aged 18-21 years old in the IIKBW, Kediri to study any correlations and differences between these variables, which to the best of our knowledge has yet widely reported in Indonesia. This study has ethics approval from Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya. The BMI was analyzed from the body weight and height of male (n=74) and female (n=76) students with no health problems recorded. The pH, nitrites, protein, erythrocytes, glucose in the urine were measured qualitatively with a dip-stick method, blinded, using the midstream urine sample collected in the morning. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17, with a level of significance of p0.05). Whilst no positive glycosuria samples were identified; 18.9% of males and 13.2% of females have positive nitrites, 100% of males and 98.7% of females have positive proteinuria, 2.7% of males and 7.9% of females have positive haematuria. There were 7.33% of males and 6% of females having an increased pH; whilst 20.66% of males and 16% of females having a decreased pH. Amongst the seemingly healthy university students, we found cases of urinalysis marker impairment, although no significant correlations on the BMI to the urinalysis markers that may be representing early detection for renal diseases were observed

Correlation of Hand Grip Strength and Body Height Amongst Young Adults in Indonesia

Introduction: Hand grip strength (HGs) is an anthropometric measure of musculoskeletal performance, which might predict any functional limitation and disability. Increased body height (Ht) is arguably correlated to the increase in number and length of the muscle fibers may modify the HGs. We determine correlation between the HGs and the Ht among seemingly healthy Indonesian young adults. Methods: The HGs of both hands (using CAMRY EH101 digital hand dynamometer) and the Ht (using GEA stature meter for height) of 16 males and 16 females aged 20 to 26 years old were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 (variables differences between genders were tested using Mann-Whitney U test; correlation between variables with Pearson or Spearman correlation tests). Level of significant was p< 0,05. Results: The correlation between Ht and HGs was moderate (r = 0.545, p < 0.05) for dominant hand and (r = 0.597, p < 0.05) non-dominant hand. There is no significant correlation between dominant HGs with Ht in males (r = -0,292, p 0,273) and females (r = -0.266, p 0,319), and also happens in non-dominant HGs with Ht in males (r = -0,396, p 0,129) and females (r = -0,005, p 0,985). Conclusion: HGs had significant correlation with Ht; hence in determining and assessing results of HGs in the young adults, body height should be considered

Risk Factors Of Diphtheria Carriers In Indonesian Children

Abstract. Indonesia has one of the highest prevalence of diphtheria in the world, with East Java the most heavily affected. Despite the significant role of carriers in diphtheria transmission, studies in the country are still very limited. This study analyzed risk factors of children becoming diphtheria carriers using an observational case-control approach carried out from 2011 and 2015, which employed data from the East Java Provincial Health Office and the Main Health Laboratory [Balai Besar Laboratorium Kesehatan (BBLK)], Surabaya. Controls (4 controls for each carrier) were children who were in contact with diphtheria patients but did not have any microbiologically-confirmed Corynebacterium diphtheriae in nasal or throat swabs. The main variables were demographical and environmental risk factors. Analysis of 27 carriers and 108 controls, above two years of age, from Bangkalan, Jemberand Probolinggo districts identified the significant risk factor being paternal education (odds ratio = 5.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.6-19.4). There was no difference in immunization status, based solely on the memory of the caregivers, between the two groups. Thus, all efforts in the future should be prioritized on this risk factor