Agitacja na rzecz kontroli zasobów w delcie Nigru. Rozumienie zasad dotyczących własności rzeczy na gruncie common law w zakresie zarządzania i kontroli zasobami ropy naftowej w Nigerii

The agitation for resource control in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region has frequently snowballed into violence and militancy. Although the demand for resource control borders on the transfer of ownership and management and control of the processes of exploitation of crude oil found abundantly in the region, the exact parametres of the demand are not defined by the agitators. This paper examined the various variants of resource control demanded by the different groups of agitators in the Niger Delta. It particularly argued that the common law private property ownership principles of Cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos, and Quic quid plantatur solo, solo cedit be adopted to transfer ownership of natural resources, including crude oil to the indigenous inhabitants of the oil rich Niger Delta region in line with the principles of true federalism. The paper recommended the restructure of the Nigerian federal system to devolve more powers to the states and repeal of certain existing laws that inhibit the rights of the people to own land and natural resources beneath those lands, which belong to them, their ancestors and children yet unborn.Agitacja na rzecz kontroli zasobów w regionie delty Nigru w Nigerii często przeradza się w przemoc i wojnę. Chociaż postulat kontroli zasobów łączy się z kwestiami przeniesienia własności oraz zarządzania i kontroli procesów wydobycia ropy naftowej występującej w dużych ilościach w regionie, dokładne parametry tych żądań nie zostały określone przez agitatorów. W niniejszym artykule analizie poddano różne warianty kontroli zasobów, której domagają się różne grupy agitatorów w delcie Nigru. W szczególności podkreślono, że zasady dotyczące własności prywatnej, wynikające z common law: Cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos oraz Quiquid plantatur solo, solo cedit, powinny zostać zastosowane do przenoszenia własności zasobów naturalnych, w tym ropy naftowej, na rdzennych mieszkańców bogatego w ropę regionu delty Nigru, zgodnie z zasadami prawdziwego federalizmu. Autorzy zalecają restrukturyzację nigeryjskiego systemu federalnego w kierunku przekazania większych uprawnień stanom i uchylenia niektórych istniejących praw, które ograniczają prawa ludzi do własności ziemi i zasobów naturalnych znajdujących się pod powierzchnią gruntów należących do nich, ich przodków i jeszcze nienarodzonych dzieci

An Appraisal of the Protection of National Minorities under the 1999 Nigerian Constitution: Lessons from Other Jurisdictions

The protection of national minorities is a crucial aspect of most countries’ constitutional law to ensure equal treatment of all citizens regardless of gender, birth or status. However, in Nigeria, such protection remains a mirage rather than reality. The Nigerian political structure is skewed in favor of the major ethnic groups based on demographic and geographic space offering vast opportunities to power and political dominance in an otherwise heterogeneous society. This paper investigated the provisions of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 to protect national minorities. It utilized the doctrinal methodology and comparative approach to examine the efficiency of the different mechanisms put in place to protect national minorities in Nigeria, such as the federal character principle, local government system, National Youth Service Corps scheme and boundary adjustments. The paper also drew comparative lessons from other jurisdictions like South Africa, USA, Brazil, India, and Pakistan to conclude that Nigeria must follow these countries to meet international best practices in the protection of national minorities. Keywords: National minorities, ethnicity, federal character principle, national integration, human right DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/137-04 Publication date:October 31st 202

Combating the Menace of Cybercrime in Nigeria: A Review of the Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention etc) Act 2015 and Other Legislations

The creation of the internet, computers and mobile phones is one of the most innovative and useful inventions of man. There are inestimable benefits of these technological advances; businesses can be conducted and concluded between parties at different jurisdictions over the internet, correspondence between people have been made easier unlike what was the case of the 18th and 17th centuries where letters were used which was slow. In the same vein, the advances in technology has caused incalculable harm, it has increased the rate of crimes, expanded the scope of criminal activities and has created a new category of crimes known as cybercrimes. Cybercrime has in recent time become a crucial threat to many countries which has necessitated governments around the world to enact sturdy legislations and also put in place coherent procedural measures to tackle cyber-criminals. The Nigerian government enacted the Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc) Act, 2015 to investigate and prosecute cybercriminals in Nigeria. Various other legislations also contain provisions that directly impact on the phenomenon of cybercrime in Nigeria. This paper utilized the doctrinal methodology to analyze the key provisions of the Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc) Act, 2015 and other ancillary legislations on cybercrime in Nigeria with the aim of assessing their efficacy and providing possible solutions and recommendations to combatting the menace of cyber-crime in Nigeria. Keywords: cybercrime, economic & financial crimes, money laundering, criminal code, prohibition, Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/119-01 Publication date:March 31st 202