Tannins: Extraction from Plants

The chapter presents mainly on different extraction methods of tannin. Some technical means required for effective extraction are also presented, for example, collection and treatment of plant and drying and storage of plant. Opportunity and challenges in application of extraction methods are also exhibited in the chapter

Nitrite metabolism of several bacterial strains isolated from abattoir and swine wastewater after biogas treatment

In nitrogen treatment with biological methods, nitrite metabolism is an intermediate process that facilitates other processes involving different bacteria strains. In this study, we isolated two nitrite-oxidising bacteria strains from abattoir wastewater and wastewater from biogas tanks of an industrial pig farm in Ha Tinh province. The bacteria strains grow, develop, and metabolise nitrite at pH 6–8 and 30–37 °C. The samples with the nitrite concentration up to 750 mg·L–1 were oxidised within four days of incubation, and the nitrite metabolism rate was proportional to the concentration of nitrite tested. Under severe conditions (salinity up to 3% NaCl, a low dissolved oxygen level of 0.1 mg·L–1), the two isolated bacterial strains exhibited their effective growth and nitrite metabolism capacity. The results enrich the database of nitrite-oxidising bacteria and are prospective in wastewater treatment

Mg-Al-MoO4 layered double hydroxides used as catalysts for the oxidation of styrene

Mg-Al layered double hydroxides have been prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by the physical methods such as XRD, EDS, SEM. The synthesized solids showed the layered hydroxide structure with molybdate and carbonate anions as interlayer compensating anions in the uniform particles. While Mg-Al-CO3 is inactive for the liquid oxidation of styrene, Mg-Al-MoO4–LDH catalyst exhibits a good activity in the conversion of styrene into benzaldehyde and phenyl oxirane. The catalytic activity and product selectivity depend on the reaction conditions and oxidant nature. The styrene conversion is moderate about 10-15 % and the total selectivity to benzaldehyde and styrene oxide reached 99 % as air and t-butyl hydrogen peroxide used as milder oxidants. Keywords. Benzaldehyde, styrene, molybdate, hydrotalcite, oxidation

Synthesis of gelatin stabilized gold nanoparticles with seed particles enlargement by gamma Co-60 irradiation

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with size from 13 to ~36 nm were synthesized by γ-irradiation method using gelatin as stabilizer. The AuNPs with controllable size were prepared using various concentration of Au3+ from 0.5 to 2 mM and seed particle enlargement with different ratios of [Au3+]/[Auo] up to 50. Maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) was measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy, and particle size was determined from TEM images. Results showed that the size of AuNPs increased with the Au3+ concentration. The seed enlargement approach is efficient to control the size of AuNPs. The value of λmax shifted from 527.5 nm (seed particles) to 537.5 nm, and the size of AuNPs increased from 13 nm (seed particles) to ~36 nm for concentration ratio of [Au3+]/[Auo] up to 40. Thus, γ-irradiation method is favorable for production of AuNPs with controllable size and high purity. The AuNPs/gelatin synthesized by γ-irradiation with the advantages of environmental friendly and mass production process may be potentially promising for applications in medicines, cosmetics and in other fields as well. Keywords. Gold, Nanoparticles, Gelatin, γ-irradiation

Clinical Characteristics and Histopathology of Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane in Vietnam

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) is an avascular proliferation of different types of cells between the posterior vitreous cortex and the internal limiting membrane. That causes visual impairment including blurry, distortion, scotoma. Many studies of iERM were done to describe the clinical characteristics and investigate the histopathology of this disease. Nonetheless, there has not been a study of iERM histopathology in Vietnam. AIMS: To describe clinical characteristics and histopathological results of idiopathic retinal membrane and the association between them. METHODS: A cross sectional decriptive study of 35 iERMs (33 patients) in Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology (VNIO). RESULTS: High morbidity incidence was in group age >50 years (32/35), female gender (26/35), limited movement works (27/35), and high educational levels (28/35). Distortion was the highest (77.14%), scotoma and floater was less frequent (28.5%, 45.7%). Macular edema in all cases and PVD and exudate were high frequent (65.7%, 62.8%). Symptom duration was 8.2 ± 4.7 months, (1-21 months). Mean of central macular thickness was 468.51 ± 97.24 µm (656-274 µm). Six types of cell were detected, including glial cell (35/35), fibroblast (23/35), myofibroblast (23/35), macrophage (13/35), lymphocyte (5/35) and neutrophil (2/35). The number of cell types in one sample ranged from 1-5 types (2.85 ± 1.28 cell types). Number of cell types were correlated to symptom duration (r = 0.47, p = 0.004, Pearson's test) and central macular thickness (r = 0.72, p < 0.001, Pearson's test). CONCLUSION: There were 6 types of cells in iERM. Glial cell was the most frequent cell, inflammatory cells (macrophage, lymphocyte, neutrophil) was also detected. The number of cell types was stastitically correlated to symptom duration and CMT

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM-ALGINATE AND WHEY PROTEIN ON THE SURVIVAL RATE OF Bifidobacterium bifidum IN MAYONNAISE

ABSTRACT – QMFS 2019The functional food development by adding probiotic bacteria is getting a lot of concern. In this study, Bifidobacterium bifidum AS 1.1886 was encapsulated in calcium-alginate 2% w/v (C sample) or the mix of calcium-alginate 2% (w/v) and whey protein 1% (w/v) (CW sample) or calcium-alginate 2% (w/v) coated by whey protein 1% (w/v) (CcW sample) by extrusion method, and added to mayonnaise product. The pH changes, the survival rate of probiotic bacteria, and total yeast and mold count during storage, as well as the probiotic survival in simulated gastric medium, were evaluated. The result showed that the pH changes were not significantly different in all mayonnaise samples in this test. The viability of the free probiotic cell was significant decrease about 5.85 log CFU/g compared to 0.26 ÷ 1.14 log CFU/g in encapsulated cell samples after four weeks of storage. None of the free cells survived after six weeks of storage. The total yeast and mold count in samples related to the probiotic count, the viability of probiotic cells higher 6 log CFU/g might be controlling the growth of yeast and molds in mayonnaise. Whey protein has been shown to significantly improve the survival rate of B.bifidum and calcium-alginate coated by whey protein, indicating the most effective protection. The result showed that the application potential of encapsulated probiotic in mayonnaise product

Radion Production in External Electromagnetic Field

A review of Randall-Sundrum model with stressing on radion phenomenology is presented. The radion production in the external electromagnetic field is considered. The total cross sections for the conversions in the presence of the electric field of the flat condenser as well as in the magnetic field of the solenoid are calculated in details. Based on our results a laboratory experiment for production and detection of the light radions may be described

EFFECTS OF SALT STRESS ON PLANT GROWTH AND BIOMASS ALLOCATION IN SOME WETLAND GRASS SPECIES IN THE MEKONG DELTA

Salt stress causes serious damage to many cellular and physiological processes that leads to yield reduction. The study induced salt stress using Hoagland solution added NaCl to evaluate its effects on plant growth and biomass allocation of some wetland grass species in order to identify salt-tolerant species for replacing and/or supplementing rice/grass in rice-shrimp model and salt-affected area in the Mekong Delta. The study also seeks to evaluate the response of leaf chlorophyll (SPAD unit) and proline content in salt-treated plants to varying application of salinity. Typha orientalis, Lepironia articulata, Eleocharis dulcis and Scirpus littoralis were studied in hydroponics condition with four levels of NaCl of 5, 10, 15, 20‰ and the control treatment (without adding NaCl). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The salt-treated plants showed visually clear responses of inhibited growth under salt stress condition compared to the control plants. Among the four studied species, T. orientalis produced the highest dry shoot biomass (15.5 g DW/plant), while E. dulcis had the lowest value (2.8 g DW/plant). However, only T. orientalis showed significantly decreased in biomass as salinity increased with 9.3 and 4.6 times lower of fresh and dry biomass in plants grown at the salinity level of 20‰ compared to those grown in the control treatment. The other three plant species did not affect by salinity levels. The results indicated that S. littoralis, L. articulata and E. dulcis could tolerate at high salinity of 20‰ (eq. to the EC value in the nutrient solution of 38.0 dS/m) and could be potential candidate to grow in the rice-shrimp model or in the salt-affected soils. 

Analysis of the Optimal Frequency Band for a Ballistic Missile Defense Radar System

In this paper, we consider the anti-attack procedure of a ballistic missile defense system (BMDS) at different operating frequencies at its phased-array radar station. The interception performance is measured in terms of lateral divert (LD), which denotes the minimum acceleration amount available in an interceptor to compensate for prediction error for a successful intercept. Dependence of the frequency on estimation accuracy that leads directly to prediction error is taken into account, in terms of angular measurement noises. The estimation extraction is performed by means of an extended Kalman filter (EKF), considering two typical re-entry trajectories of a non-maneuvering ballistic missile (BM). The simulation results show better performance at higher frequency for both tracking and intercepting aspects

Assessing Vegetation Cover Change Using Remote Sensing: Case Study at Binh Duong Province, Vietnam

This study aims to present the application of remote sensing in monitoring vegetation change in Binh Duong Province, Vietnam. The study used Landsat 5 images in the year 2010 and Landsat 8 images in the years 2015 and 2020 to investigate the area of vegetation. The maximum likelihood classification method (MLC) was used to classify land cover and an accuracy matrix was computed to validate the classification results. The references data were collected to support classification and accuracy assessment processes including land use maps in 2010, 2015, and 2020. In addition, collected field points and UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) in 2020 were used. The overall accuracies are 81.27%, 84.41%, and 83.86%, and Kappa indices were 0.76, 0.80, and 0.80, corresponding to 2010, 2015, and 2020. The results showed that as compared to 2010 and 2015, the area of vegetation in 2020 decreased 10% and 8%, respectively. The average vegetation cover per capita was 740 m2 person-1 in 2020, compared to 1000 m2 person-1 in 2015 and 1200 m2 person-1 in 2010. This reduction was obvious in urban areas in the province, due to the need for construction and development. The study provides meaningful information on vegetation change and green area per capita in Binh Duong Province from 2010 to 2020