Winnie Mandela: Part of My Soul Went With Him

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Effects of grade retention and dropouts on the school system and the pupils

This study examines the effects of grade retention and school dropouts on the school system and on the affected pupils and their families. The study answers two critical questions. First, what are the social and economic consequences of grade retention and dropouts to the primary school education system and to the country's development efforts? Second, what are the psychological, social and economic consequences of retention and premature withdrawal to the pupils? In Kenya, like in many other developing countries, long term planning to provide universal primary education to all school age children (6-14 years) across the grades is made difficult by the large numbers of repeaters, dropouts and re-entrants from among previous dropouts. Some of the pupils become multiple repeaters before either graduating or dropping out. Grade retention extends the period of study for the individual, and therefore increases both the private and public financial and opportunity costs to education. For some pupils, grade repetition results in low self-esteem, while others develop social and /or psychological problems. The conceivable effects of retention and dropouts on the school system and the affected pupils hold important policy implications for the provision of basic education to all in Kenya

Republic of Kenya Ministry of Education Final Report of Synthesis of Case Study Findings

A Report by Prof. Ruthie Rono, Deputy Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs at United States International University - Africa