Présence de la culture camerounaise dans la langue française. Le camfranglais dans la chanson Gromologie de Koppo

Le camfranglais est la langue parlée par les camerounais dans des contextes et situations informelles. Cette langue est composée du français, de l'anglais et des langues vernaculaires du pays. Après la colonisation et son impact sur la culture africaine, le seul moyen trouvé par les Camerounais afin de revendiquer leur "camerounité" et de s'y reconnaître fut de créer une langue propre à elle. Nous avons basé notre travail sur le processus de formation de cette dernière ainsi que sur son rôle déterminant dans la reconstruction de l'identité camerounaise

Pancreatic cancer growth using magnetic resonance and bioluminescence imaging

OBJECT:Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal human cancer and appropriate experimental tumor models are needed for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. This paper describes an experimental model of human pancreatic cancer and a related non invasive imaging technique suitable for monitoring tumor growth and metastatization. The aim of the work was the implementation of an experimental platform suitable for assessing the efficacy of new therapeutic agents.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Human pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1-Luc+) were injected into the pancreas of female athymic CD1 mice. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at 4.7T and Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI) were performed in each mouse at three time points after cell inoculation (1, 2 and 3months). Two groups of mice were studied: the first group of n=13 mice in which 5*106 cells were injected and the second group of n=10 mice in which 2*106 cells were injected. MRI examination included T2w acquisitions and (at the last time point) Dynamic-contrast-enhanced-MRI (DCE-MRI).RESULTS:Each mouse underwent three longitudinal MRI and BLI examinations. BLI was more sensitive than MRI producing higher detection rate at early time points. Moreover in one case of abdominal dissemination of pancreatic tumor cells, small tumoral masses were detected by BLI and not detected by MRI. However BLI appears more prone to experimental error most likely due to photon attenuation. In 4 mice BLI produced false negative results. DCE-MRI experiments providing information on tumor perfusion were conducted successfully in this anatomical district and demonstrated that the tumor tissues from the second experimental group are more vascularized compared to the first group.CONCLUSION:The present study performed on the experimental model of pancreatic cancer here described shows that MRI and BLI are complementary techniques and that synergistic application of both can overcome the intrinsic limitations of each.Object Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal human cancer and appropriate experimental tumor models are needed for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. This paper describes an experimental model of human pancreatic cancer and a related non invasive imaging technique suitable for monitoring tumor growth and metastatization. The aim of the work was the implementation of an experimental platform suitable for assessing the efficacy of new therapeutic agents.Materials and methods: Human pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1-Luc +) were injected into the pancreas of female athymic CD1 mice. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at 4.7 T and Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI) were performed in each mouse at three time points after cell inoculation (1, 2 and 3 months). Two groups of mice were studied: the first group of n = 13 mice in which 5 * 10(6) cells were injected and the second group of n = 10 mice in which 2 * 10(6) cells were injected. MRI examination included T2w acquisitions and (at the last time point) Dynamic-contrast-enhanced-MRI (DCE-MRI).Results: Each mouse underwent three longitudinal MRI and BLI examinations. BLI was more sensitive than MRI producing higher detection rate at early time points. Moreover in one case of abdominal dissemination of pancreatic tumor cells, small tumoral masses were detected by BLI and not detected by MRI. However BLI appears more prone to experimental error most likely due to photon attenuation. In 4 mice BLI produced false negative results. DCE-MRI experiments providing information on tumor perfusion were conducted successfully in this anatomical district and demonstrated that the tumor tissues from the second experimental group are more vascularized compared to the first group.Conclusion: The present study performed on the experimental model of pancreatic cancer here described shows that MRI and BLI are complementary techniques and that synergistic application of both can overcome the intrinsic limitations of each. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Syzygium jambos

The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of methanol extracts of bark and leaves of Syzygium jambos, as well as their synergistic effects with selected antibiotics against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The crude extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening; broth microdilution method was used for antibacterial assays. Phytochemical studies indicate that leaves and bark extracts contained polyphenols, anthraquinones, tannins, and steroids. Extract of the leaves was active against all the 26 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and all the 21 strains of Gram-negative bacteria tested, within the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 32–512 μg/mL. The lowest MIC value of 32 μg/mL was obtained with extract of the leaves against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA9 strain. In Gram-negative bacteria, the lowest MIC value of 64 μg/mL was also obtained against Enterobacter aerogenes EA294 and Klebsiella pneumoniae K24 strains. Against S. aureus strains, antibiotic-modulating activity of extracts at MIC/2 towards more than 70% of the tested strains was obtained when leaves and bark extracts were tested in association with chloramphenicol (CHL). This was also the case when leaves extract was combined with CHL, kanamycin (KAN), tetracycline (TET), and erythromycin (ERY) and when bark extract was combined with ciprofloxacin (CIP), TET, and ERY against Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Syzygium jambos has antibacterial and antibiotic-modulating activities

Awareness of rabies control and challenges to the intersectoral management of dog bites in Western Cameroon

Abstract Background: Rabies is a zoonotic and a typical One Health challenge. Intersectoral surveillance is a critical component of rabies control programmes. However, the under-reporting of animal bite cases and the lack of coordination between sectors involved in the surveillance may lead to failure in the control efforts of this public health concern. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the operational level. Two separate survey grids were used for simultaneous data collection in the study sites, including 385 dog bite victims within communities and 273 human health and animal health professionals responsible for rabies surveillance in health and veterinary facilities Results: There was no association (OR: 0,76; CI: 0,452-1,39 and p=0.38) between data loss and professional profile of the surveillance focal points; however, there was a significant association between the under-reporting of physical aggression cases of dog bites by victims and the level of education (OR: 1.75; IC:1.02-2.99 and P=0.0413), and with individuals younger than 20 years and those over 50 years of age (OR:0.39; CI:0.16-0.96 and p=0.0415). Indeed, there was a positively and statistically significant association (OR: 3.11; CI: 1.94-5.00 and p<0.0001) between knowledge of rabies with under-reporting of dog bites by community members; while negatively associated CI: 0.52-1.82 and p=0.9226) with the level of education. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the under-performance in case reporting whether the surveillance focal points had received prior training on rabies surveillance (OR: 1.14; CI: 0.64-2.01 and p=0.66), had knowledge of operational case definition (OR: 0.93; CI: 0.54- 1.58 and p=0.7851) or /and knew the manifestation of rabies (OR: 0.88; CI: 0.51-1.51and p=0.6408). Conclusion: The under-reporting of rabies bites in the West region of Cameroon is as a consequence of negligence and lack of application of the one health approach on rabies surveillance by the surveillance focal points in District health sectors, leading to the no-exhaustive collection and patchy dissemination of dog bite data

NON INVASIVE LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT OF TUMOR GROWTH BY MRI AND BIOLUMINESCENCE IMAGING IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF PANCREATIC AND RECTAL CANCER

Presupposti: Il carcinoma pancreatico e il carcinoma colorettale sono due sottocategorie di tumori del sistema digerente. Il tumore al pancreas \ue8 una delle forme pi\uf9 letali di tumore che colpiscono l\u2019uomo, con un tasso complessivo di sopravvivenza del 3-5% e una sopravvivenza media di meno di sei mesi. Il tumore del colon-retto \ue8 la terza pi\uf9 comune forma di tumore diagnosticata, ed \ue8 la seconda causa di mortalit\ue0 dovuta al tumore, negli stessi Stati Uniti. C\u2019\ue8 quindi bisogno di un sistema che possa valutare in modo adeguato l\u2019efficacia clinica di nuovi composti sviluppati in oncologia per queste due tipologie di tumore. Scopo: Lo scopo del seguente studio \ue8 verificare l\u2019evoluzione temporale in termine di crescita del tumore primario delle due patologie e valutare secondariamente se le tecniche di Imaging di Risonanza Magnetica e di bioluminescenza possono essere strumenti utili per studiare la differenziazione dei linfonodi da normali a metastatici. Metodi: Per questo scopo, cellule umane di tumore pancreatico(Pan-1), trasfettate con la Luciferasi (PANC-1- Luc+), sono state inoculate nel pancreas di topi di sesso femminile atimici nude CD1. Immagini di Bioluminescenza e di Risonanza Magnetica sono state acquisite per ogni topo a diversi intervalli temporali dall\u2019inoculo delle cellule tumorali (1, 2 e 3 mesi). In particolare sono stati studiati due gruppi sperimentali nei quali un diverso numero di cellule tumorali \ue8 stato inoculato: il primo gruppo (n=13 topi) con 5*106 cellule e il secondo gruppo (n=10 topi) con 2*106 cellule. Le immagini di Risonanza Magnetica includono acquisizione T2-pesate (T2w) e di risonanza magnetica a contrasto dinamico (DCE-MRI). 8 Nello studio del modello tumorale del colon-retto, Cellule umane di tumore Colorettale (ht-29), trasfettate con la Luciferasi (HT-29_Luc), sono state iniettate nello strato sub-mucosale del retto, attraverso micro-iniezione trans-anale (TARCI). Immagini di Bioluminescenza e di Risonanza Magnetica sono state acquisite per ogni topo a tre diversi intervalli temporali (1, 2 e 3 settimane dall\u2019inoculo delle cellule tumorali), per valutare la crescita tumorale, il coinvolgimento dei linfonodi e la formazione di metastasi. I topi sono stati sacrificati e i linfonodi iliaci, estratti da ogni animale per un totale di dieci linfonodi. Risultati: Nello studio del tumore al pancreas, tutti gli animali sottoposti a Risonanza Magnetica e alla bioluminescenza ai diversi intervalli temporali sono sopravvissuti. La bioluminescenza \ue8 stata una tecnica pi\uf9 sensibile rispetto alla Risonanza Magnetica nell\u2019individuare il tumore ai primi stadi di sviluppo. Inoltre in un caso di diffusione addominale delle cellule tumorali pancreatiche, piccole masse tumora li sono state identificate solo con la bioluminescenza e non con la Risonanza Magnetica, anche se in quattro topi l\u2019Imaging ha prodotto falsi negativi. Gli esperimenti di risonanza magnetica a contrasto dinamico (DCE-MRI), forniscono informazioni sulla perfusione tumorale e sono stati eseguiti con successo in questo distretto anatomico. Gli studi sul tumore colorettale rivelano che le tecniche di bioluminoscenza e quelle di Risonanza Magnetica possono individuare la presenza di lesioni primarie e permettono di seguirne la progressione. \uc8 stata rilevata una correlazione positiva fra il volume tumorale ottenuto con la bioluminescenza e quello ottenuto dalla Risonanza Magnetica. I linfonodi sono visibili solo con la Risonanza 9 Magnetica, per\uf2 non \ue8 stato possibile differenziare i linfonodi normali da quelli metastatici. Dato che l\u2019Imaging non ha permesso l\u2019individuazione dei linfonodi in vivo. Perci\uf2 abbiamo intrapreso estrazione dei linfonodi da cinque animali dopo il sacrificio per dislocazione cervicale e condotte analisi istologiche. Conclusioni: Il seguente studio condotto su modelli sperimentali di tumore al pancreas e tumore colorettale dimostra che la bioluminescenza e la Risonanza Magnetica possono considerarsi due tecniche complementari e che l\u2019utilizzo sinergico delle due, pu\uf2 superare le limitazioni delle singole tecniche.Background: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal human cancers with an overall survival rate of 3-5 % and a median survival of less than 6 months. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed; and it\u2019s the second leading cause of cancer related death in the United States. To date an effective system is strongly needed which accurately predict the clinical efficacy of new compounds developed in oncology for pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. Aims: The aim of the current study is to contribute: To the time dependent evolution of both pancreatic and colorectal. In the second case we also evaluated the performance of BLI and MRI for the differentiation of normal to metastatic lymph nodes. Methods: Human pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1-Luc+) were injected into the pancreas of female athymic CD1 mice. Bioluminescence (BLI) and Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) were acquired in each mouse at three time points after cell inoculation (1, 2 and 3 months). Two groups of mice were studied: the first group of n=13 mice in which 5*106 cells were injected and the second group of n=10 mice in which 2*106 cells were injected. MRI examinations included T2w acquisitions and (at the last time point) Dynamic-contrast-enhanced-MRI (DCE-MRI). Human colorectal cancer cells (ht-29) ht-29_luc cancer cells were injected into the submucosal layer of the rectum by transanal microinjection. BLI and MRI were acquired in each mouse at three time points (1,2,3 weeks) for the in vivo evaluation of tumor growth, lymph nodes involvement and metastasis formation. At last time point after MRI and BLI imaging acquisition, for the purpose of ex vivo study of lymph nodes metastasis. Mice were sacrificed and the abdominal cavity exposed, two iliac LN were then excised for each animal in experiment for a total of ten lymph nodes. RESULTS: - In the pancreatic cancer study, mice underwent three MRI and BLI examinations without mortality. BLI was more sensitive than MRI producing higher detection rate at early time points. Moreover in one case of abdominal dissemination of pancreatic tumor cells, small tumor masses were detected by BLI and not detected by MRI. In 4 mice BLI produced false negative results. DCE-MRI experiments providing information on tumor perfusion were conducted successfully in this anatomical district. Results for colorectal study demonstrated that: BLI and MRI were able to detect the presence and localization of the primary lesions and to access its progression. A positive linear correlation was obtained between MRI and BLI tumor volume. Lymph nodes were visible only in MRI, but no differentiation between positive and negative lymph nodes was detected in images. Since the BLI modality was not able to detect the lymph nodes in vivo, we undertook the ex-vivo iliac lymph nodes excision of five animals. Ex vivo BLI images indicate that 70% of iliac nodes developed metastasis. Conclusions: The present study performed on the experimental model of pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer, shows that MRI and BLI are complementary techniques and that synergistic application of both can overcome the intrinsic limitations of each

Valorisation du plantain: etude de l'obtention, de la caracterisation et de l'utilisation des farines - Conservation en frais

INIST TD 19573 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueSIGLEFRFranc