Impaired perceptual learning in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome is mediated by parvalbumin neuron dysfunction and is reversible.

To uncover the circuit-level alterations that underlie atypical sensory processing associated with autism, we adopted a symptom-to-circuit approach in the Fmr1-knockout (Fmr1-/-) mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. Using a go/no-go task and in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, we find that impaired visual discrimination in Fmr1-/- mice correlates with marked deficits in orientation tuning of principal neurons and with a decrease in the activity of parvalbumin interneurons in primary visual cortex. Restoring visually evoked activity in parvalbumin cells in Fmr1-/- mice with a chemogenetic strategy using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs was sufficient to rescue their behavioral performance. Strikingly, human subjects with Fragile X syndrome exhibit impairments in visual discrimination similar to those in Fmr1-/- mice. These results suggest that manipulating inhibition may help sensory processing in Fragile X syndrome

Management of traumatic telecanthus by medial canthopexy

The medial part of the orbital region is a complex structure of several facial bones. It has attachments for support of the eye and lacrimal collecting system. In that, medial canthus is an important structure for esthetic and functional reasons. Medial canthal deformities can result from nasoethmoidal trauma, cancer resection, craniofacial exposure, congenital malposition, or age-related change. Various techniques have been used for medial canthal reconstruction, specifically to achieve bony fixation of the medial canthal tendon. The surgical treatment of traumatic telecanthus remains one of the most challenging areas in facial reconstruction. Transnasal wiring has been one of the most commonly used methods to perform medial canthopexy. However, it is technically difficult and may cause damage to the contralateral orbital structures. Here, we present a case report of management of traumatic telecanthus by medial canthopexy in an 11-year-old female patient using titanium miniplate

Oral hemangioma or vascular malformation: Different entities!

The confusing and often misleading terminology used to define oral vascular tumescences along with the generic use of the term hemangioma has led to inappropriate grouping of a number of entities that are known to be biologically distinct. In many cases, the differential diagnosis between hemangioma and vascular malformation cannot be made on the basis of routine analysis. Hemangiomas were differentiated from vascular malformations by their clinical appearance, histopathologic features, and biologic behavior. However, the term hemangioma is still overapplied by clinicians and pathologists without regard to etiology or clinical behavior. Thus, a critical approach toward vascular tumescence represents the first step to reach a correct diagnosis, understand the disease pathogenesis, and provide better therapy. Here, a case report of arteriovenous malformation in the oral cavity is presented

Pyogenic granuloma: A clinicopathological analysis of fifty cases

Aim: To evaluate the clinicopathological features including variations of fifty oral pyogenic granuloma cases reported to Department of Oral medicine and Radiology, Dhule. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review for the fifty cases reported as PG was performed, and data for the following parameters were recorded: age, gender, history of trauma or any other etiology, site and clinical presentation, variation in histology, treatment mode, and recurrence. Results: PG was most commonly seen in the second (36%) and third (46%) decade, with a female preponderance (male: female 1:4). Gingiva was more commonly involved (90%) followed by the lip (6%) and ventral surface of the tongue (4%). Classic clinical presentation of PG exhibited as a sessile or pedunculated, firm or soft, erythematous, exophytic, and/or painful papule or nodule with a smooth or lobulated surface that bleeds easily. Conclusion: Although it is a benign lesion which is commonly encountered and excised in dental practice, it is important to recognize these variants to avoid misdiagnosis, it is always wise to subject it to histopathological confirmation owing to its close clinical resemblance to neoplastic condition