Environmental Factors Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Introducción: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es una entidad caracterizada por la disnea, tos crónica y fatiga, siendo la gravedad de estos progresiva mientras avanza la enfermedad y determinada por el predominio de uno de sus componentes: bronquitis crónica y enfisema.Objetivo: describir los factores ambientales asociados al desarrollo de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de información en las bases de datos SciELO, Medigraphic, Redalyc y AmeliCA. Se seleccionaron 22 artículos referentes al periodo 2018-2020, de acceso abierto y en idiomas español e inglés. Desarrollo: los factores ambientales que predisponen a la población a desarrollar EPOC son el tabaquismo (activo y pasivo), exposición a contaminantes ambientales, sustancias industriales.Conclusiones: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica presenta alta mortalidad en todo el mundo, por esta razón es indispensable tomar en cuenta la predisposición que puede tener una persona a desarrollar esta enfermedad, así como la importancia que tiene para los médicos realizar un diagnóstico y prevención oportunos.Introduction: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an entity characterized by dyspnea, chronic cough and fatigue, being the severity of these progressive as the disease progresses and determined by the predominance of one of its components: chronic bronchitis and emphysema.Objective: to describe the environmental factors associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Methods: a search for information was carried out in the SciELO, Medigraphic, Redalyc and AmeliCA databases. Twenty-two articles referring to the period 2018-2020, open access and in Spanish and English languages were selected.Development: the environmental factors that predispose the population to develop COPD are smoking (active and passive), exposure to environmental pollutants, industrial substances.Conclusions: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presents high mortality worldwide, for this reason it is essential to take into account the predisposition that a person may have to develop this disease, as well as the importance for physicians to make a timely diagnosis and prevention

Maternal stress and its influence on embryonic and fetal development: a literature review

Introducción: el estrés es una reacción fisiológica del cuerpo ante situaciones amenazantes, ya sea sociales, físicas o psicológicas.Objetivo: determinar la influencia del estrés materno sobre el desarrollo embrionario y fetal.Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura, mediante una búsqueda de información en bases de datos como Scopus, Dialnet, SciELO y Redalyc. Se incluyeron otros elementos de la literatura gris por la importancia para la temática.Resultados: el cuerpo ejerce estrés como respuesta fisiológica cuando un ser humano se encuentra bajo tensión física, mental o emocional, es decir, en circunstancias que se consideran peligrosas o amenazantes para la persona. Las situaciones de estrés materno desencadenan procesos fisiológicos que terminan en la producción de hormonas y neurotransmisores como cortisol, catecolaminas, especies reactivas de oxígeno, citocinas y serotonina, las cuales influyen en el estado de salud del feto.Conclusiones: el estrés materno ocasiona que él bebé tenga afectaciones a nivel neurológico, morfológicas y de otros tipos, secundario a la afectación del desarrollo de estructuras y procesos. Entre estas afectaciones se encuentran la ocurrencia de trastornos del espectro autista, susceptibilidad a trastornos psiquiátricos, parto prematuro, bajo peso al nacer y asma bronquial.Introduction: stress is a physiological reaction of the body to threatening situations, whether social, physical or psychological.Objective: to determine the influence of maternal stress on embryonic and fetal development.Methods: a literature review was carried out, through a search of information in databases such as Scopus, Dialnet, SciELO and Redalyc. Other elements of the gray literature were included due to their importance for the subject matter.Results: the body exerts stress as a physiological response when a human being is under physical, mental or emotional tension, that is, in circumstances that are considered dangerous or threatening to the person. Maternal stress situations trigger physiological processes that end in the production of hormones and neurotransmitters such as cortisol, catecholamines, reactive oxygen species, cytokines and serotonin, which influence the health status of the fetus.Conclusions: maternal stress causes the baby to have neurological, morphological and other types of affectations, secondary to the affectation of the development of structures and processes. Among these affectations are the occurrence of autism spectrum disorders, susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, premature delivery, low birth weight and bronchial asthma.

Identification of Changes in the Lifestyle of Patients with COPD: A Literature Review

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Its main clinical manifestations include dyspnea, chronic cough, and fatigue, symptoms that progress as the disease develops, potentially leading to hospitalization in severe stages. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the lifestyle of patients with COPD. A documentary literature review was conducted, searching for changes in quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using various databases; Google Scholar, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Elsevier, for the period 2018-2022. It is concluded that lifestyle changes in people with COPD are numerous and affect physical, functional, psychological, and economic aspects, posing a significant challenge for both friends and family of the affected individuals. COPD is the third leading cause of death worldwide and has become a public health issue in the country, underscoring the importance of considering the quality of life changes that arise with this disease

Analysis of the Evolution of The Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Aim: The objective of this research is to identify and analyze changes in the lifestyle of patients suffering from COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is a chronic respiratory pathology that encompasses two main entities: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Material and method: This condition is characterized by significant clinical manifestations, among which are dyspnea (breathing difficulties), chronic cough, and fatigue. The conclusions derived from this research reveal that the changes in the lifestyle of people living with COPD are numerous and cover different aspects of their daily life. Caregivers also experience several changes in their lives as they have to adapt to the needs and limitations of patients, which can affect their quality of life and emotional well-being. Statistics and Result: It is essential to consider these changes in the quality of life that the development of this disease entails, and to adopt comprehensive measures to improve care, early diagnosis and proper management of affected patients. The implementation of prevention, education and pulmonary rehabilitation strategies, as well as the promotion of healthy lifestyles, can contribute to reducing the burden of the disease and improving the quality of life of those living with COPD