Data acquisition and analysis in the DOE/NASA Wind Energy Program

Four categories of data systems, each responding to a distinct information need are presented. The categories are: control, technology, engineering and performance. The focus is on the technology data system which consists of the following elements: sensors which measure critical parameters such as wind speed and direction, output power, blade loads and strains, and tower vibrations; remote multiplexing units (RMU) mounted on each wind turbine which frequency modulate, multiplex and transmit sensor outputs; the instrumentation available to record, process and display these signals; and centralized computer analysis of data. The RMU characteristics and multiplexing techniques are presented. Data processing is illustrated by following a typical signal through instruments such as the analog tape recorder, analog to digital converter, data compressor, digital tape recorder, video (CRT) display, and strip chart recorder

Applications of the DOE/NASA wind turbine engineering information system

A statistical analysis of data obtained from the Technology and Engineering Information Systems was made. The systems analyzed consist of the following elements: (1) sensors which measure critical parameters (e.g., wind speed and direction, output power, blade loads and component vibrations); (2) remote multiplexing units (RMUs) on each wind turbine which frequency-modulate, multiplex and transmit sensor outputs; (3) on-site instrumentation to record, process and display the sensor output; and (4) statistical analysis of data. Two examples of the capabilities of these systems are presented. The first illustrates the standardized format for application of statistical analysis to each directly measured parameter. The second shows the use of a model to estimate the variability of the rotor thrust loading, which is a derived parameter

Concentrations of trace elements and compounds in the airborne suspended particulate matter in Cleveland, Ohio, from August 1971 to August 1972 and their dependence on wind direction: Complete data listing and concentration roses

Concentrations of 75 chemical constituents in the airborne particulate matter were measured in Cleveland, Ohio during 1971 and 1972. Daily values, maxima, geometric means and their standard deviations covering a 1-year period (45 to 50 sampling days) at each of 16 sites are presented on microfiche for 60 elements, and for a lesser number of days for 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAH), the aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds (AH) as a group and carbon. In addition, concentration roses showing directional properties are presented for 39 elements, 10 PAH and the AH as a group. The elements (except carbon) are shown both in terms of concentration and percentage of the suspended particulate matter

Meteorological adjustment of yearly mean values for air pollutant concentration comparison

Using multiple linear regression analysis, models which estimate mean concentrations of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide as a function of several meteorologic variables, two rough economic indicators, and a simple trend in time are studied. Meteorologic data were obtained and do not include inversion heights. The goodness of fit of the estimated models is partially reflected by the squared coefficient of multiple correlation which indicates that, at the various sampling stations, the models accounted for about 23 to 47 percent of the total variance of the observed TSP concentrations. If the resulting model equations are used in place of simple overall means of the observed concentrations, there is about a 20 percent improvement in either: (1) predicting mean concentrations for specified meteorological conditions; or (2) adjusting successive yearly averages to allow for comparisons devoid of meteorological effects. An application to source identification is presented using regression coefficients of wind velocity predictor variables

On evaluating compliance with air pollution levels not to be exceeded more than once per year

The adequacy is considered of currently practiced monitoring and data reduction techniques for assessing compliance with 24-hour Air Quality Standards (AQS) not to be exceeded more than once per year. The present situation for suspended particulates is discussed. The following conclusions are reached: (1) For typical less than daily sampling (i.e., 60 to 120 24-hour samples per year) the deviation from independence of the data set should not be substantial. (2) The interchange of exponentiation and expectation operations in the EPA data reduction model, underestimates the second highest level by about 4 to 8 percent for typical sigma values. (3) Estimates of the second highest pollution level have associated with them a large statistical variability arising from the finite size of the sample. The 0.95 confidence interval ranges from + or - 40 percent for 120 samples per year to + or - 84 percent for 30 samples per year. (4) The design value suggested by EPA for abatement and/or control planning purposes typically gives a margin of safety of 60 to 120 percent

Low-coverage heats of adsorption. iii - alkali metal ions on tungsten, atom-metal interaction theory

Heats of adsorption of sodium, rubidium, and cesium ions on tungsten substrat

An End to "Childhood Amnesia": The Utopian Idealof Childhoodin Critical Theory

The examination focuses on how critical theory has viewed childhood and employed the image and meaning of childhood in ideological elaboration. It explores how critical theorists such as Adorno, Benjamin, Horkheimer, Bloch, and Marcuse contrasted the riches of childhood experience with the poverty of mature adult perception and with the notion of societal progress. By uniting lost experiential dimensions of childhood and restoring childhood memory, critical theoryanticipates arelease ofemancipaory reflection and transformed social praxis

Studies on Monolayers

As a preliminary to the ultimate photochemical study of monolayers, aromatic azo-compounds (with one hydroxy-group either o- or p- to the azo-group in most cases) quinones, acid amides and a hydroquinone derivative have been examined for monomolecular film-forming properties on water by means of the Langmuir film balance. The largest group of compounds examined was that of the azo-compounds. These are found to form condensed films in all cases where a hydroxy-group is present and the alkyl chain has at least 16 C atoms; and also in many cases where the chain has only 12 C atoms. In absence of a hydroxy-group, at least two azo-groups appear to be required to give the necessary water attraction for film formation. The molecules appear to be oriented in the film with the plane of the aromatic nuclei vertical but the longer axis of this plane is in many cases tilted from the perpendicular at an angle depending on the nature and relative position of the various substituent groups. The azo-group appears to be at or near the water surface in all cases. The orientations of the other compounds were also studied and it was found the angles of orientation to the water surface seem to lie between 40 and 90. The tautomeric equilibrium of azo-compounds in monolayers has been studied by determining their apparent molecular areas and compressibilities on dilute acid and alkali. In accordance with published data, the p-hydroxy compounds appear to exist almost completely in the azo-form. The o-compounds contain much of the hydrazone form but the results do not give decisive evidence of the presence or absence of the azo-tautomer in this series, except in one case where an o:o'-dihydroxyazo-compound appears to contain the azo-form. One purpose of the work being the study of the photochemical decompositions of azo-compounds, which is believed to result in the formation of phenols, selected azo-compounds were examined by the film balance technique using solutions of various phenolic substances as substrates in place of water. By this means, azo-, hydroxy-, and quinone groups in monolayers of aromatic compounds were found to form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxy-groups in phenols. The increased water attraction imparted thus, e.g., to the azo-group, may cause an expansion of the film by a change in the angle of tilt of the molecules therein. Dihydric phenols in the substrate appear to behave in two ways: (a) If there are two suitably placed bonding groups in the monolayer molecule, a 1:1-complex may be formed, in which each group is bonded with one hydroxy-group in the solute molecule; two molecules probably stand parallel side by side and the area of the film increases slightly. (b) If the solute hydroxy-groups are too far apart for (a) to occur they may form cross-links between monolayer molecules leading/ leading to a considerable increase in film area and compressibility. These experiments were extended in order to study the combination between dyes and fibres, e.g., proteins, acetate rayon and cellulose, by the use of "model" compounds in the substrate. The hydrogen bond is found here to be of great importance, as has previously been suggested. In several cases the dependence of hydrogen bonding power on pH was demonstrated. Preliminary fading experiments were performed on azo-dye monolayers and other substances. These showed that fading in monolayers is slow and that powerful light sources will have to be employed for significant results to be obtained. A surface potential measuring apparatus was also constructed for future work on the irradiation of monolayers

When Lawyer and Client Meet: Observations of Interviewing and Counseling Behavior in the Consumer Bankruptcy Law Office

What happens when lawyer and client first meet? How do they talk, how do they listen, what do they say, and what do they do? The answers to these questions are generated, and then lost, in thousands of law offices daily. There is thus a treasure of information, but it is mostly hidden from our view by legal barriers that protect privacy and confidentiality and by other barriers, economic, psychological, and logistical, that inhibit or preclude third party observation of lawyer-client contact. This Article reports an exploratory journey in search of that treasure, a journey into six law offices in the metropolitan areas of two states. In these offices I observed the initial consultation between consumer bankruptcy lawyers and individuals seeking legal assistance in connection with personal financial distress. The report of my observations introduces Lawyers A through F, each of whom devotes a significant portion of their time to consumer bankruptcy counseling. It describes the general structural characteristics and pertinent details of the consumer bankruptcy law practice of each lawyer. The report also identifies the differing attitudes of these lawyers about the alternative solutions to the financial distress of their consumer bankruptcy clients and reveals significant differences in the structure, content, and style of their interviewing and counseling behavior. This prosaic description is complemented by samples of dialogues between the lawyers and clients whom I observed. The dialogues are reproduced in Appendix, A. I have strived to observe carefully and to report faithfully. To the extent of my success in that effort, the descriptions of lawyer-client contact that follow offer a meaningful picture of interviewing and counseling behavior in the metropolitan consumer bankruptcy law office