Das Hühner CLEC-2 Homolog

Das Hühner CLEC-2 Homolog: Ein Thrombozytenrezeptor mit aktivierender Funktion Der Natürliche Killer Gen Komplex (NKC) des Huhnes ist auf dem Chromosom 1 lokalisiert und weist zwei C-typ Lektine auf, von denen das eine als Homolog zu CD69 und das andere zu CD94 und NKG2 beschrieben worden ist. Diese Studie trägt durch die Generierung eines spezifischen monoklonalen Antikörpers zur Charakterisierung des Hühner C-typ Lektin ähnlichen Proteins CD94/NKG2 als potentiellen NK Zellrezeptor bei. Durchflußzytometrische Messung von lymphatischem Gewebe des Huhnes ergab, dass das C-typ Lektin von einer Vielzahl von Zellen des PBMC, wenigen Milzzellen und keinerlei Bursa- oder Thymuszellen exprimiert wird. In PBMC von Huhn und Pute konnte der monoklonale Antikörper auf Thrombozyten nachgewiesen werden. Die biochemische Analyse konnte zeigen, dass das Molekül als ein glykosyliertes Homodimer auf der Zelloberfläche exprimiert wird und durch Kreuzvernetzung Thrombozyten aktiviert werden, was über CD107 Expression gemessen wurde. Die Sequenzanalyse deutete auf ein Motiv im Zytoplasma hin, welches als hem Immunrezeptor Tyrosin-basierendes aktivierendes Motiv bei C-typ Lekinen wie DECTIN1 und CLEC-2 vorkommt, aber nicht für CD94/NKG2 beschrieben ist. In der Sequenz konnte ein zusätzliches Cystein im extrazellulären Bereich gefunden werden. Zusammengenommen geben diese Ergebnisse Hinweise darauf, dass das Gen nicht einem CD94/NKG2 Hybrid ähnlich ist, sondern ein CLEC-2 Homolog darstellt.Chicken CLEC-2 homologue: a thrombocyte receptor with activation function The chicken NKC was described to consist of only two C-type lectins, CD69 and a CD94/NKG2 hybrid, both encoded on chromosome 1. This study contributes to the characterisation of the chicken C-type lectin CD94/NKG2 by production of a specific monoclonal mab which was used to analyse the potential function on NK cells. Immunofluorescent analysis of lymphoid chicken tissues revealed in expression of the C-type lectin on a large percentage of PBMC, a small percentage of splenocytes and no reactivity in bursa and thymus. In chicken and turkey PBMC, the mab reacted with virtually all thrombocytes. The biochemical analyses demonstrated that CLEC-2 is presented on the cell surface as a highly glycosylated homodimer, which upon mab crosslinking induced thrombocyte activation, as measured by CD107 expression. Sequence analysis indicated a cytoplasmic motif known as hem immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (hemITAM), which was found to be presented in C-type lectins like DECTIN1 and CLEC-2 but not CD94/NKG2. In addition the sequence exhibits a further extracellular cysteine residue. These findings indicate that the gene may not resemble CD94/NKG2 but rather CLEC-2 homologue

Genetics of Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Role of GnRH Receptor and Other Genes

Hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key player in normal puberty and sexual development and function. Genetic causes of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) have been identified during the recent years affecting the synthesis, secretion, or action of GnRH. Developmental defects of GnRH neurons and the olfactory bulb are associated with hyposmia, rarely associated with the clinical phenotypes of synkinesia, cleft palate, ear anomalies, or choanal atresia, and may be due to mutations of KAL1, FGFR1/FGF8, PROKR2/PROK2, or CHD7. Impaired GnRH secretion in normosmic patients with IHH may be caused by deficient hypothalamic GPR54/KISS1, TACR3/TAC3, and leptinR/leptin signalling or mutations within the GNRH1 gene itself. Normosmic IHH is predominantly caused by inactivating mutations in the pituitary GnRH receptor inducing GnRH resistance, while mutations of the β-subunits of LH or FSH are very rare. Inheritance of GnRH deficiency may be oligogenic, explaining variable phenotypes. Future research should identify additional genes involved in the complex network of normal and disturbed puberty and reproduction

Regulation of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (sFlt-1/sVEGFR-1) expression and release in endothelial cells by human follicular fluid and granulosa cells

BACKGROUND: During the female reproductive cycle, follicular development and corpus luteum formation crucially depend on the fast generation of new blood vessels. The importance of granulosa cells and follicular fluid in controlling this angiogenesis is still not completely understood. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) produced by granulosa cells and secreted into the follicular fluid plays an essential role in this process. On the other hand, soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sFlt-1) produced by endothelial cells acts as a negative modulator for the bioavailability of VEGF. However, the regulation of sFlt-1 production remains to be determined. METHODS: We analyzed the influence of human follicular fluid obtained from FSH-stimulated women as well as of human granulosa cell conditioned medium on sFlt-1 production in and release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. Soluble Flt-1 gene expression was determined by RT-PCR analysis, amount of sFlt-1-protein was quantified by Sandwich-ELISA. RESULTS: Human follicular fluid as well as granulosa cell-conditioned medium significantly inhibit the production of sFlt-1 by endothelial cells on a posttranscriptional level. Treatment of cultured granulosa cells with either hCG or FSH had not impact on the production of sFlt-1 inhibiting factors. We further present data suggesting that this as yet unknown sFlt-1 regulating factor secreted by granulosa cells is not heat-sensitive, not steroidal, and it is of low molecular mass (< 1000 Da). CONCLUSION: We provide strong support that follicular fluid and granulosa cells control VEGF availability by down regulation of the soluble antagonist sFlt-1 leading to an increase of free, bioactive VEGF for maximal induction of vessel growth in the ovary

Şimşek

Peyami Safa'nın Cumhuriyet'te tefrika edilen Şimşek adlı romanıTelif hakları nedeniyle romanın tam metni verilememiştir

СТРУКТУРНАЯ НАДЕЖНОСТЬ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОГО БЛОКА ГИБРИДНОГО АВТОМОБИЛЯ

Проводится оценка структурной надежности электрического блока гибридного автомобиля в результате анализа возможных состояний системы, составляющих полную группу равновозможных, несовместных случайных событий

Performance of reconstruction and identification of τ leptons decaying to hadrons and vτ in pp collisions at √s=13 TeV

The algorithm developed by the CMS Collaboration to reconstruct and identify tau leptons produced in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 and 8 TeV, via their decays to hadrons and a neutrino, has been significantly improved. The changes include a revised reconstruction of pi(0) candidates, and improvements in multivariate discriminants to separate tau leptons from jets and electrons. The algorithm is extended to reconstruct tau leptons in highly Lorentz-boosted pair production, and in the high-level trigger. The performance of the algorithm is studied using proton-proton collisions recorded during 2016 at root s = 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The performance is evaluated in terms of the efficiency for a genuine tau lepton to pass the identification criteria and of the probabilities for jets, electrons, and muons to be misidentified as tau leptons. The results are found to be very close to those expected from Monte Carlo simulation.The Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research and the Austrian Science Fund; the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voor Weten-schappelijk Onderzoek; the Brazilian Funding Agencies (CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP); the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science; CERN; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS); the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, and the Croatian Science Foundation; the Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus; the Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador; the Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council via IUT23-4 and IUT23-6 and European Regional Development Fund, Estonia; the Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, and Helsinki Institute of Physics; the Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS, and Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives / CEA, France; the Bundesministerium ilk Bildung and Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; the General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece; the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary; the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India; the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran; the Science Foundation, Ireland; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Latvia; the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; the Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia); the Ministry of Science of Montenegro; the Mexican Funding Agencies (BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI); the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand; the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre, Poland; the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal; JINR, Dubna; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, and the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute"; the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; the Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion, Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Plan Estatal de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica y de Innovacion 2013-2016, Plan de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion 2013-2017 del Principado de Asturias, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain; the Ministry of Science, Technology and Research, Sri Lanka; the Swiss Funding Agencies (ETH Board, ETH Zurich, PSI, SNF, UniZH, Canton Zurich, and SER); the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei; the Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand, Special Task Force for Activating Research and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authorit y; the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine; the Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K.; the US Department of Energy, and the US National Science Foundation. Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science - EOS" - be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendiilet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF, and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University, and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).Publisher versio

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНФОРМАТИЗАЦИИ СЕЛЬСКОЙ МЕСТНОСТИ

Целью данной публикации является обзор перспективных технологий для информатизации сельской местности