Third generation training: an empirical investigation

2012 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.Kraiger (2008b) outlined the differences between first, second, and third generation approaches to training design, and described the potential benefits of a third generation approach. The present study extends this work by further defining the components of a third generation approach and comparing it to a first generation approach using three commonly examined dependent variables: recall, near transfer, and far transfer. Results show no significant differences in trainee performance for participants in either the first or third generation training condition

Stress Levels and Sources of Occupational Stress Among Psi Ch Faculty Advisors

Psi Chi faculty advisors are the guiding force behind each functioning chapter nationwide. Unfortunately faculty members broadly are experiencing ever increasing levels of occupational stress due to teaching, research, and advising responsibilities (Tytherleigh, Webb, Cooper, & Ricketts, 2005). This stress often results in decreased productivity and an increase in absenteeism and disability (Pelletier & Lutz, 1988). As the Psi Chi mission statement is to continue to encourage, stimulate, and maintain excellence in scholarship of the individual members (Psi Chi, 2002), it is important that faculty advisors be active, involved, and healthy. The current study sought to assess general stress levels as well as specific sources of stress among a national sample of Psi Chi faculty advisors using the Job Stress Survey (Spielberger, Reheiser, Reheiser, & Vagg, 2000). Tenure track status, professor rank, years working in the field, and scholarly productivity were also assessed and compared with occupational stress levels. Our objective was to discover how much and what type of stress Psi Chi advisors experienced. We also attempted to identify common indicators of higher or lower stress levels. Results indicated that level of stress were higher than average. Additionally, tenure status was the only variable of interest significantly associated with advisor stress levels. However, other factors such as time spent advising undergraduate research, preparing for class, overseeing psi chi administrative business, and working on service activities all proved to significantly increase reported stress levels

A literature search tool for intelligent extraction of disease-associated genes

Objective: To extract disorder-associated genes from the scientific literature in PubMed with greater sensitivity for literature-based support than existing methods. Methods: We developed a PubMed query to retrieve disorder-related, original research articles. Then we applied a rule-based text-mining algorithm with keyword matching to extract target disorders, genes with significant results, and the type of study described by the article. Results: We compared our resulting candidate disorder genes and supporting references with existing databases. We demonstrated that our candidate gene set covers nearly all genes in manually curated databases, and that the references supporting the disorder–gene link are more extensive and accurate than other general purpose gene-to-disorder association databases. Conclusions: We implemented a novel publication search tool to find target articles, specifically focused on links between disorders and genotypes. Through comparison against gold-standard manually updated gene–disorder databases and comparison with automated databases of similar functionality we show that our tool can search through the entirety of PubMed to extract the main gene findings for human diseases rapidly and accurately

Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation versus reoperative conventional aortic valve replacement: a systematic review

none6siTranscatheter valve-in-valve (VIV) implantation for degenerated aortic bioprostheses has emerged as a promising alternative to redo conventional aortic valve replacement (cAVR). However there are concerns surrounding the efficacy and safety of VIV. This systematic review aims to compare the outcomes and safety of transcatheter VIV implantation with redoes cAVR. Six databases were systematically searched. A total of 18 relevant studies (823 patients) were included. Pooled analysis demonstrated VIV achieved significant improvements in mean gradient (38 mmHg preoperatively to 15.2 mmHg postoperatively, P<0.001) and peak gradient (59.2 to 23.2 mmHg, P=0.0003). These improvements were similar to the outcomes achieved by cAVR. The incidence of moderate paravalvular leaks (PVL) were significantly higher for VIV compared to cAVR (3.3% vs. 0.4%, P=0.022). In terms of morbidity, VIV had a significantly lower incidence of stroke and bleeding compared to redo cAVR (1.9% vs. 8.8%, P=0.002 & 6.9% vs. 9.1%, P=0.014, respectively). Perioperative mortality rates were similar for VIV (7.9%) and redo cAVR (6.1%, P=0.35). In conclusion, transcatheter VIV implantation achieves similar haemodynamic outcomes, with lower risk of strokes and bleeding but higher PVL rates compared to redo cAVR. Future randomized studies and prospective registries are essential to compare the effectiveness of transcatheter VIV with cAVR, and clarify the rates of PVLs.openPhan, Kevin; Zhao, Dong-Fang; Wang, Nelson; Huo, Ya Ruth; Di Eusanio, Marco; Yan, Tristan DPhan, Kevin; Zhao, Dong-Fang; Wang, Nelson; Huo, Ya Ruth; Di Eusanio, Marco; Yan, Tristan

Autworks: a Cross-Disease Network Biology Application for Autism and Related Disorders

Background: The genetic etiology of autism is heterogeneous. Multiple disorders share genotypic and phenotypic traits with autism. Network based cross-disorder analysis can aid in the understanding and characterization of the molecular pathology of autism, but there are few tools that enable us to conduct cross-disorder analysis and to visualize the results. Description: We have designed Autworks as a web portal to bring together gene interaction and gene-disease association data on autism to enable network construction, visualization, network comparisons with numerous other related neurological conditions and disorders. Users may examine the structure of gene interactions within a set of disorder-associated genes, compare networks of disorder/disease genes with those of other disorders/diseases, and upload their own sets for comparative analysis. Conclusions: Autworks is a web application that provides an easy-to-use resource for researchers of varied backgrounds to analyze the autism gene network structure within and between disorders

Concentrations, ratios, and sinking fluxes of major bioelements at Ocean Station Papa

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Roca-Marti, M., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Umhau, B. P., Wyatt, A. M., Clevenger, S. J., Pike, S., Horner, T. J., Estapa, M. L., Resplandy, L., & Buesseler, K. O. Concentrations, ratios, and sinking fluxes of major bioelements at Ocean Station Papa. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 9(1), (2021): 00166, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00166.Fluxes of major bioelements associated with sinking particles were quantified in late summer 2018 as part of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) field campaign near Ocean Station Papa in the subarctic northeast Pacific. The thorium-234 method was used in conjunction with size-fractionated (1–5, 5–51, and >51 μm) concentrations of particulate nitrogen (PN), total particulate phosphorus (TPP), biogenic silica (bSi), and particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) collected using large volume filtration via in situ pumps. We build upon recent work quantifying POC fluxes during EXPORTS. Similar remineralization length scales were observed for both POC and PN across all particle size classes from depths of 50–500 m. Unlike bSi and PIC, the soft tissue–associated POC, PN, and TPP fluxes strongly attenuated from 50 m to the base of the euphotic zone (approximately 120 m). Cruise-average thorium-234-derived fluxes (mmol m–2 d–1) at 120 m were 1.7 ± 0.6 for POC, 0.22 ± 0.07 for PN, 0.019 ± 0.007 for TPP, 0.69 ± 0.26 for bSi, and 0.055 ± 0.022 for PIC. These bioelement fluxes were similar to previous observations at this site, with the exception of PIC, which was 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower. Transfer efficiencies within the upper twilight zone (flux 220 m/flux 120 m) were highest for PIC (84%) and bSi (79%), followed by POC (61%), PN (58%), and TPP (49%). These differences indicate preferential remineralization of TPP relative to POC or PN and larger losses of soft tissue relative to biominerals in sinking particles below the euphotic zone. Comprehensive characterization of the particulate bioelement fluxes obtained here will support future efforts linking phytoplankton community composition and food-web dynamics to the composition, magnitude, and attenuation of material that sinks to deeper waters.The authors would like to acknowledge support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as part of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing program awards 80NSSC17K0555 and 80NSSC17K0662. They also acknowledge the funding from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Twilight Zone study for MRM and KOB, the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program for AMW, and the Ocean Frontier Institute for MRM

Toy Models of Superposition

Neural networks often pack many unrelated concepts into a single neuron - a puzzling phenomenon known as 'polysemanticity' which makes interpretability much more challenging. This paper provides a toy model where polysemanticity can be fully understood, arising as a result of models storing additional sparse features in "superposition." We demonstrate the existence of a phase change, a surprising connection to the geometry of uniform polytopes, and evidence of a link to adversarial examples. We also discuss potential implications for mechanistic interpretability.Comment: Also available at https://transformer-circuits.pub/2022/toy_model/index.htm

Vortices in Superfluid Films on Curved Surfaces

We present a systematic study of how vortices in superfluid films interact with the spatially varying Gaussian curvature of the underlying substrate. The Gaussian curvature acts as a source for a geometric potential that attracts (repels) vortices towards regions of negative (positive) Gaussian curvature independently of the sign of their topological charge. Various experimental tests involving rotating superfluid films and vortex pinning are first discussed for films coating gently curved substrates that can be treated in perturbation theory from flatness. An estimate of the experimental regimes of interest is obtained by comparing the strength of the geometrical forces to the vortex pinning induced by the varying thickness of the film which is in turn caused by capillary effects and gravity. We then present a non-perturbative technique based on conformal mappings that leads an exact solution for the geometric potential as well as the geometric correction to the interaction between vortices. The conformal mapping approach is illustrated by means of explicit calculations of the geometric effects encountered in the study of some strongly curved surfaces and by deriving universal bounds on their strength.Comment: 50 pages, 38 figure