The Impact of Trade Integration and Agglomeration Economies on Tax Interactions : Evidence from OECD Countries

In average, statutory tax rates in OECD countries fell over 34,84% between 1982 and 2005. While the seminal papers on tax competition explain this fall in corporate tax rates by greater capital mobility, we build on the New Economic Geography literature to investigate empirically the impact of trade integration on tax competition. We use the disaggregated Trade and Production Database of the CEPII to build an index of trade phi-ness following the method of Head and Mayer (2004a). Firstly, we show that trade integration matters for the tax policy through two channels: (i) on the one hand trade integration reinforces tax interactions and accelerates the race to the bottom in corporate taxe rates, but (ii) on the other hand trade integration makes it possible for countries to set higher corporate tax rates as it improves their market access. We show that the second e¤ect becomes insigni...cant when we control for the ...rst one. This indicates that the overall impact of trade integration on corporate tax rates is negative and could explain the negative relationship between trade integration and corporate tax rates that we observed in OECD countries between 1983 and 1999. Secondly, we show that countries do not have the same ability to limit their dependence on other countries'...scal policy. More precisely, the ability of a country to set a high corporate tax rate increases with its market size and its market access, but decreases with the degree of its government involvement in the wage-setting.

A scaling analysis of a cat and mouse Markov chain

Motivated by an original on-line page-ranking algorithm, starting from an arbitrary Markov chain $(C_n)$ on a discrete state space ${\cal S}$, a Markov chain $(C_n,M_n)$ on the product space ${\cal S}^2$, the cat and mouse Markov chain, is constructed. The first coordinate of this Markov chain behaves like the original Markov chain and the second component changes only when both coordinates are equal. The asymptotic properties of this Markov chain are investigated. A representation of its invariant measure is in particular obtained. When the state space is infinite it is shown that this Markov chain is in fact null recurrent if the initial Markov chain $(C_n)$ is positive recurrent and reversible. In this context, the scaling properties of the location of the second component, the mouse, are investigated in various situations: simple random walks in $\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathbb{Z}^2$, reflected simple random walk in $\mathbb{N}$ and also in a continuous time setting. For several of these processes, a time scaling with rapid growth gives an interesting asymptotic behavior related to limit results for occupation times and rare events of Markov processes.\u

Decomposition of the Google pagerank and optimal linking strategy

We provide the analysis of the Google PageRank from the perspective of the Markov Chain Theory. First we study the Google PageRank for a Web that can be decomposed into several connected components which do not have any links to each other. We show that in order to determine the Google PageRank for a completely decomposable Web, it is sufficient to compute a subPageRank for each of the connected components separately. Then, we study incentives for the Web users to form connected components. In particular, we show that there exists an optimal linking strategy that benefits a user with links inside its Web community and on the other hand inappropriate links penalize the Web users and their Web communities. \u

Markov chains and optimality of the Hamiltonian cycle

We consider the Hamiltonian cycle problem (HCP) embedded in a controlled Markov decision process. In this setting, HCP reduces to an optimization problem on a set of Markov chains corresponding to a given graph. We prove that Hamiltonian cycles are minimizers for the trace of the fundamental matrix on a set of all stochastic transition matrices. In case of doubly stochastic matrices with symmetric linear perturbation, we show that Hamiltonian cycles minimize a diagonal element of a fundamental matrix for all admissible values of the perturbation parameter. In contrast to the previous work on this topic, our arguments are primarily based on probabilistic rather than algebraic methods

Cost-efficient vaccination protocols for network epidemiology

We investigate methods to vaccinate contact networks -- i.e. removing nodes in such a way that disease spreading is hindered as much as possible -- with respect to their cost-efficiency. Any real implementation of such protocols would come with costs related both to the vaccination itself, and gathering of information about the network. Disregarding this, we argue, would lead to erroneous evaluation of vaccination protocols. We use the susceptible-infected-recovered model -- the generic model for diseases making patients immune upon recovery -- as our disease-spreading scenario, and analyze outbreaks on both empirical and model networks. For different relative costs, different protocols dominate. For high vaccination costs and low costs of gathering information, the so-called acquaintance vaccination is the most cost efficient. For other parameter values, protocols designed for query-efficient identification of the network's largest degrees are most efficient

Manajemen Keuangan Sekolah di SMA Muhammadiyah I Palangka Raya

Latar belakang Penelitian ini yaitu bahwasannya keuangan dalam lembaga pendidikan merupakan hal yang sangat urgen dalam kemajuan dan pembiayaan sekolah, maka perlu dikelola dengan hemat, efektif dan efisien agar aktifitas dan kegiatan operasional sekolah, sarana dan prasarana serta fasilitas sekolah dapat dibiayai. SMA Muhammadiyah I Palangka Raya menjadi lokasi penelitian karena sekolah swasta, telah mengalami banyak kemajuan, ini yang menarik untuk diteliti tentang manajemen keuangan di sekolah tersebut. Masalah yang diangkat pada penelitian ini adalah bagaimana penggalian sumber dana, perencanaan dan pelaksanaan anggaran keuangan serta pertanggung jawaban keuangannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan serta menganalisa sumber-sumber dana, perencanaan, pelaksanaan Anggaran dan pertanggung jawaban keuangan sekolah di SMA Muhammadiyah I Palangka Raya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi/pengamatan ke lapangan dan studi dokumentasi. Dengan subjek utama adalah kepala sekolah dan bendahara, dan sebagai informan adalah, ketua komite, kepala Dikdasmen wilayah Kal-Teng, wakil kepala sekolah, kepala tata usaha, para guru, siswa, dan orang tua siswa Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa 1) sumber dana yang di peroleh sekolah berasal dari pemerintah berupa dana BOS pusat dan daerah, iuran SPP para siswa, dan bantuan donator, instansi, sponsor dan infaq para simpatisan Muhammadiyah yang sifatnya tidak mengikat, 2) Rencana Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Sekolah di susun oleh team dan di sahkan kepala sekolah dan komitesekolah 3) Pelaksanaan anggaran keuangan sekolah digunakan sesuai dengan rencana yang telah dianggarkan dalam RAPBS oleh bendahara dengan efektif dan efisien, amanah, dan bertanggungjawab, 3) Pertanggungjawaban keuangan sekolah dilaporkan kepada direktorat pembinaan SMA (BOS pusat), Dinas pendidikan dan kebudayaan provinsi (tembusan kota/daerah) dan Majelis Dikdasmen untuk dana dari SPP para siswa, 4) sekolah menerapkan manajemen Islami, dimana orang-orang yang mengelola adalah para pekerja keras, jujur dan amanah. English The background of the study is the financial in educational institutions is very vital in the progress and school funding, it needs to be managed with saving, effective and efficient so the activities and operations of schools, infrastructure and school facilities can be financed. SMA Muhammadiyah I Palangkaraya research areas as schools are private schools that lack of funding from the government, but it has been a lot of progress, it is interesting to study about financial management at the school. The issue raised in this study is how to dig the source of funds, financial budget planning and execution as well as its financial accountability. The study aimed to describe and analyze the sources of funding, planning, budget implementation and financial accountability of schools in SMA Muhammadiyah I Palangkaraya. The study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observation / observation to the field and study the documentation. With the main subject is the principal and treasurer, and as infroman is, the committee's chairman, chief Dikdasmen territories Kal-Teng, vice-principals, heads of administration, teachers, students, and parents The results of the study revealed that 1) the sources of fund raising obtained by institution were derived from from the government in the form of BOS both national and regional; contribution of school fee from students, and other financial aids from various parties, both donators, agencies, sponsorships and charity of Muhammadiyah members with non-binding nature, 2) the plan of school budget was arranged by the team consisting of the school principal and all staffs legalized and by Dikdasmen Council of MuhammadiyahPalangka Raya Branch, 3) the realization of school financial budget is used in accordance with the plans that have been budgeted in the budget with the approval of the school principal and leadership assembly Dikdasmen by the treasurers effectively and efficiently, trustworthy and accountable, and 3) Accountability school finances was reported to the directorate of coaching high school (BOS center), the Office of education and culture of the province (copies cities / regions) and to the Assembly Dikdasmen for funds from SPP students , 4) The school has applied Islamic management, where the people involved in managing ate those who are hardworkers, honest and trustworthy