Genotoxicity and Histopathology Effects of Melissa officinalis Aqueous Extract on the Blood and Vital Tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss Fish

Background: This study was conducted to investigate both the genotoxicity effects of M. officinalis aqueous extract on blood cells and the pathologic changes in the renal, cardiac and splenic tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Methods: 300 fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were divided randomly into three groups (N=100 each), consisting of group, 1 (control), and groups 2 and 3 (experimental), which received 450 mg/kg and 1350 mg/kg of body weight the aqueous extract of M. officinalis, respectively. The fish were fed for 30 days, with the experimental groups given three treatments. Micronuclei test and comet assay were used to identify the histopathological damages, simultaneously. Results: We found significantly more micronuclei (33%) in erythrocytes of group 3 than those in group 2 (5%; p<0.05). Similarly, the results of comet assay were consistent with those obtained for the micronuclei test. The recorded DNA damages to erythrocytes was significantly higher in group 3 (35.75%) compared to that for group 2 (7.15%; p<0.05). The pathologic findings in the spleen, kidneys and heart tissues together with those obtained from the micronuclei test and comet assay confirmed the tissue and DNA damages after exposure to the extract. Abundant and severe cystic and atrophic glomeruli, renal tubular degeneration, hemorrhage and focal lymphocytic inflammation in heart, and increased melanomacrophage centers in the kidneys and spleen were observed at significantly higher frequency in group 3 than those in group 2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that the extract of M. officinalis at doses higher than 450 mg/kg per body weight caused toxic effects with severe tissue and DNA damages in O. mykiss fish

Study of increasing production in trout rearing farms with focusing on water aeration systems and water physical filtration aspect in west Azarbaigan Province

This research was carried out to determined water reuse effects on growth indices of rainbow trout. For this reason 4 groups includes: control (with use of 100% fresh water), Test 1(rearing with use of 30% recycled water (with physical filtration) and 10% fresh water), Test 2(using of 10% recycled water (with physical filtration) and 30% fresh water), Test 3(using of 100% recycled water) was done. Fish stock of each groups were done with 62 fish in each square meter and average weight (15±1.5).The Growth index, SGR, CF, FCR, SR between different groups in each month was calculated and determined. In this research comparison the average of month growth increment between different groups indicated that significant decrease of growth in test groups with control group and also 1 and 2 groups with 3 group (p0.05). To comparison FCR, SR, MR has shown a significant difference between different groups to each other (p<0.05). These results shows that with increasing the replacement of water in rainbow trout culture ponds with recycled water cased significant decrease in SR and CF and significant increase in MR and finally decrease in production and density per unit area (p<0.05)

Effects of Artemia parthenogenetica culturing on socioeconomic development of the eastern marginal lands, Qom Salt Lake

Saltwater resources with Artemia (Brine shrimp) are the important ecosystems in Semi-arid Areas. That can play an important role in sustaining the economic and social system. Alternatively, will ensure that economic and social issues with of continuity and sustainability of these ecosystems resident. This study carried out "Effects of Artemia parthenogenetica culturing on socio-economic development of the eastern marginal lands, Qom Salt Lake" that was ordered by Qom province general directorate of fisheries during the 2012-2013. According to previous studies, despite the potential of human resources and Social conditions for the development of economic activities, factors such as the low groundwater and drying the salt lake , lack of fresh water in the region, environmental problems , successive droughts, prioritize and rationalize water use in agriculture, Artemia cyst harvest or Artemia culture has made virtually impossible with the current situation and has deprived the tools to make investments for the construction of earthen ponds and exploitation of native Artemia in the eastern margin of the Qom lake . Also, due to the occurrence of the Lake in the national park and privacy protection and Prohibited areas of environmental protection organization, it seems unlikely that this organization grant approval agreement required for any exploitation

Hygienic monitoring of freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) on Aras Lake reservoir

Aras dam reservoir situated in the northwest of Iran, west Azarbaijan province, is the only water resource of Astacus leptodactylus harvest in the country that more than 250tons of this species were exported to different countries all over the world, annually. On the other hand, one of the polices of Iranian Science Fisheries Institute is the release of this species into other water resources in the country and for this purpose, the study of risky diseases such as Crayfish pest (Aphanomysis astasi) and other zoonotic diseases are considered as the research priorities of aquaculture development of the country. This study was carried out to health screening of Astacus leptodactylus at Aras dam reservoir from winter 2013 to fall 2014. In this regard, A total of 394 harvested livefreshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (255males, 139females) weretested. 9 epibionts and parasites peritrich protozoans were identified. From Metazoan parasites group, Branchiobdella kozarovi with incidence rate of (100%) in obtained samples was the only isolated organism from this group that identified up to species level. There was a heavy damage in gills of samples with Aeolosoma hemprichi (Annelid) in winter with90% prevalence. Furthermore, Other Epibiont fouling organisms such as Rotatoria; free living nematods and suctoria were observed in this survey. The fungi study of the lesions and melanized spots of mentioned samples revealed their infection to Penicillium expansum; Aspergillus flavus; Alternaria sp. ; Fusarium sp. and Saprolegnia sp. The results of bacterial study confirmed the presence of pathogen bacteria in Astacus leptodactylus. The most frequency percentage (15.16%) in hepatopancrease were related to Aeromonas hydrophila and the least one (1.37%) were due to Yersinia bacteria. Also, only Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated and identified from heamolymph, respectively. The results revealed that the combination of Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp. has caused the most infection rate while. Yersinia ruckeri and Salmonella typhi has caused the least infections in Astacus leptodactylus. According to the isolation of 6 bacteria species from hepatopancreas and 2 species from heamplymph , it can be concluded that hepatopancreas enjoyed the higher infection rate compared to haemolymph in the obtained samples

Survey of handling and freezing storage effects on quality of Aras dam's fresh water crayfish meat (Astacus leptodactylus)

Sampling for this study was carried out at the freshwater crayfish fishing season (May to December ) from the selected packs made from one of the harvesting centers at the first day ( harvesting and packing ) until the seventh day ( the export time ) using registered number to determine the handling effect ( live ) and changes in chemical and microbial indices in tail fillet stored at -18 ° C at days 1 and every 15 days considering 1 treatment and 3 replicates. The comparison of results mean (±SE) of the effects of handling on tested indices showed a significant reduction of protein percentage (dry weight) of tail filet at day 7 (13/85 ± 0/07) comparing with fishing day (16/1 ± 0/05) ( (p 0.05). Comparison of the mean (±SE) of total bacterial count (log CFU / g) and psychrophilic bacteria at different periods of tail fillet storage at - 18 °C showed significant differences at day1 ( 3.48 ± 0.00 and 1.0± 0.00) compared to day 180 ( 6.86± 0.85 and 6.75± 0.25) , respectively(p>0.05) .Comparison of Mean (±SE) of chemical indices for first day with day 180 were thiobarbituric acid ( mg malondialdehyde /kg ) (0.19/0 ± 0/07) and (1/45 ± 0/25), peroxide ( meq oxygen/ kg fat ) (0/81 ± 0/21) and (2/2 ± 0/3), total volatile basic nitrogen ( mg per 100 g fillet ) (13/21 ± 1/01) and (26/6 ± 1 / 40) and acidity (6/26 ± 0/08) and (6/55 ± 0/05), respectively which showed significant differences with each other (p < 0.05). Therefore, cited to the results of microbiological and chemical parameters, maximum shelf life longetivity of freshwater crayfish tail fillets packaged in the air is recommended as 5 months after freezing at – 18 °C

Effect of citrus aurantium mesocarp extract on shelf life of rainbow trout

Background: Antioxidants are used to increase the shelf life of the food. Vegetables and fruits are good sources of antioxidants including polyphenols, vitamin E and vitamin C. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of citrus aurantium mesocarp extract on shelf life of rainbow trout. Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the Urmia University of Medical Science in 2014. Forty five rainbow trouts were divided into two groups including control group (packed in vacuum without extract) and treatment group (immersed in a solution of 5% extract for 30 min and packed in vacuum) and were stored in a refrigerator (4±1 . Sensory and chemical properties including pH, peroxide value (PV), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured at days zero, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21. Data were analyzed using Levene's test, Duncan , and ANOVA. Findings: PH, TVB-N, PV, TBA, and FFA in the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion: With regards to the results, it seems that the citrus aurantium mesocarp extract reduces the oxidation process and increases the shelf life of rainbow trout and can be an appropriate alternative for artificial preservatives. Keywords: Antioxidants, Trout, Citru